Stone Age
During the Palaeolithic. oldest, earliest and longest stage of the life of man is two million and five hundred thousand to the Neolithic (Stone Age Christmas), when human agriculture was introduced, about twelve A thousand years ago. This period itself is divided into three sub-periods:
Lower Paleolithic period, or Old or Paleolithic that approximately two million five hundred thousand years ago and continues to hundred thousand years ago. During this period, early generations of the Homo genus emerged, using fire and instrumentation. Lower Paleolithic artifacts have been found in Africa, the eastern Mediterranean, and Europe.
Middle Paleolithic period or period Mesolithic - Mousterian of about a hundred thousand years ago and has continued to thirty thousand years ago. Neanderthal man appears in this period. During this period, St. tooling Mousterian appears that the former is more advanced tools, including stone chips, grated, fonts, Burma (drills), knives and various gynecological been forged. During this period there was a funeral. The Neanderthal man was recently buried with deceased tools, mud and mud. According Out of Africa and depending on genetic and fossil evidence, the wise man During this period, about seventy thousand years ago originated in AfricaExits and crosses the continent of Asia through the Bab al-Mandib Blue Strait to the south of the Red Sea and from there migrates to other parts of the earth.
The final Palaeolithic period - Baradvstyn of about fifty thousand years ago and ends in ten thousand years ago. During this period Neanderthal man disappears and the wise man appears in Central Asia, thus making the region one of the oldest human dwellings.
Palaeolithic era Afghanistan
For a long time, our view of the first people in Afghanistan, living on the terraces of rivers and caves and rocky shelters in the north and east of present-day Afghanistan, is blurred. Hundreds of stone tools in Sahhhay multiple in the desert scattered - a tool such as tool quartz belongs to the period Lower Paleolithic (hand axes, knives, gynecological and chips) with more than 100. 000 years old - evidence of the existence of regular exercise people at the earliest point in Historical. Neanderthal human skeleton during the mid seventies in the blind valley in Badakhshan, as well as the temporal boneThey have been found to be of great value to modern humans with Neanderthal characteristics. Louie Dupree, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania on the discovery of the Core Valley, says:
North of Afghanistan may be the region where modern homo sapiens, or at least some modern humans, have evolved physically and physically, and began to evolve the technology of the Stone Age.
But the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 5 AD stopped archaeological excavations that could possibly confirm this amazing hypothesis.
In northern Afghanistan, from Balkh to Pakistan, there is clear evidence of the Stone Age, Neolithic and Early Burns cultures. At a rock shelter in Qamar Kamar, about 2 miles north of the Stone Age, Samangan was found about 1.5 BC. More than 1.2% of stone tools obtained from Aqkaprak (in Balkh Province) are so skilled that archaeologists often refer to the makers of this tool in Aqkaprk as " Michelangelo. "Upper Paleolithic period. The artifacts from Akropecki belong to a cultural period that lasted 2 years, from about 2.5 to 2.5 years ago. At a time when an anonymous artist has carved a small man's face (or a woman?) On limestone - and is one of the first drawings of a human face made by hand.
Although other traces of bone and pottery have been made in Czechoslovakia and France during the same period, the remains of Aga Copper are still one of the oldest known human-made traces ever discovered. But why this carving? We may never find the answer to this question.
The Lower Paleolithic of Afghanistan The tools of the Lower Paleolithic have been found more than 6,000 years ago in the Navar plain in western Ghazni. These tools include a number of stone tools made of quartz that include chips, saws, grates, blades and axes. These are the first evidence from the Lower Paleolithic period in Afghanistan.
Middle Paleolithic Period (4-5 BC): Works from the Kor Valley in western Badakhshan show the earliest evidence of human habitat in Afghanistan. During excavations in the Valley of the Blind in the year 3 by Louis Dupree and his colleagues, the Neanderthal mossier and human skulls were found to date back to the Middle Ages and estimated their life to be 7,000 years ago. Other archaeological sites related to this period include the Chakhmakh valley (in Balkh province), Dudal valley (in Balkh province), Navar plain (in Ghazni province), Dead sheep cave (in Faryab province), Hiratan (in Samangan province), Qom Named (in Samangan Province), Kashmir (in Badakhshan Province), Surrey Salt (in Samangan Province), and Zambucan (in Balkh Province).
Upper Paleolithic Period (4-5 BC): Artifacts from this period in Aqkaprak (in Balkh Province), Kalan Valley (in Samangan Province), Hairatan (in Samangan Province), Islampanje (in Province) Jawzjan), Colft (in Balkh Province), Cook (in Samangan Province), and Sur Salt (in Samangan Province) have been found.
Fraparynhsngy of Afghanistan (8.000-10. 000 BC) works from this period in aq kupruk (Balkh), wind Asia? (In Badakhshan province), spring? (Badakhshan Province), Borne Zadiyan (in Balkh Province), Kalan Valley (in Samangan Province), Thousand Centuries (in Samangan Province), Qura Kamur (in Samangan Province), Langarkish? (In Badakhshan Province), Rahmangol (in Badakhshan Province), Sanduketi (in Jawzjan Province), Shah Tappeh (in Samangan Province), Sangrigan (in Samangan Province), Tashgazar (in Faryab Province), Tashgurgan (in Suhangpur Province) Found in Balkh Province).
Neolithic period
(1-3 BC)
The Late Neolithic period is the Stone Age and begins before the age of the metals: the Chalcolithic, the Barens Age (1–2 BC), and the Iron Age (2–5 BC). During the Neolithic Age, in some parts of the Middle East, humans moved from the collecting and hunting stage to the cultivation and domestication of some animals some 2,000 years ago. That is why the Neolithic period is also called the "agricultural age".
In 1965, Louis Dupree doctor as a result of his excavations in aq kupruk, south of Mazar-e-Sharif and the Balkhabi, works on the basis of evidence obtained in the course Ahlysakhtn animals, belonging to the Neolithic period is.
Other archeological sites of the Neolithic period include Chash Baba (in Jawzjan Province), Chilik Ghal (in Jawzjan Province), Yaldesh Chilik (in Jawzjan Province), Yasikhan Chilik (in Jawzjan Province), Gorzivan (in Jawzjan Province) In Samangan Province), Jerquduq (in Jawzjan Province), Cook (in Jawzjan Province), Khawaja Dukuh (in Faryab Province), Khawaja Dukuh Noah (in Faryab Province), Kilifat (in Balkh Province), Leroy? (In Zabul Province), Qawq (in Faryab Province), Qawaz Nazar Agha (in Faryab Province), Gharqul (in Jawzjan Province), Qara Tappeh (in Samangan Province), Qurquduq (in Jawzjan Province), Sefraval (in Jawzjan Province) (In Jawzjan Province).
The agricultural lands dating back to 5–5 BC, found at thousands of hectares on the Hindu Kush foothills, confirm the fact that northern Afghanistan was one of the first places of animal and plant life, and later, agricultural villages, Nearly 0.5-1.5 BC, near the hill of Deh Marasi (Pashto: Deh Marasi Ghondi) in Kandahar province, shows the period of human development that has emerged in rural areas and has given way to small towns. During this period, evidence of Burns-era culture is abundantly emerging.
During this period, about five years BC, peasants and shepherds lived on fertile plains around Hindu Kush. The industry people basic housing with raw clay and pottery with brought and later, in the Copper Age (Chalcolithic), the sale of Lapis (Lapis lazuli) at beaches and riverbeds have found and trade to the countries of the West through the plateau Iran and Mesopotamia became rich.
Barnes and Iron Age
(Bronze Age: 1-6 BC Iron Age: 7-8 BC)
Early Bronze Age (Bronze Age) culture emerged in northern and eastern Afghanistan. In the Bronze Age, three western civilizations (sometimes called the Amodaria civilization), the Sand Valley and the Jiroft (Nile-Elam civilization) were influential in Afghanistan. (See map below). The earliest real evidence of urbanization emerged in the Deh Marasi (Pashto: Ghavandi) and Mandigak (near modern-day Kandahar) hills, which were the local capitals of the Sindh valley civilization. The economy was based on wheat, barley, livestock, and mining. Lacquer stone in the tombs of the Kings of Ur in the southIraq had been extracted from Badakhshan in northeast Afghanistan about the same time, around 4-5 BC. A long-distance commercial road network was also established with Mesopotamia (Egypt) and Egypt. Although many sites have been looted such as the Dushli Plain, many more have been discovered, and more are expected to be found in these areas. During archaeological searches for civilization, they found in Mandigak (near Kandahar)Today) they found evidence of a real city, and evidence of the buildings and objects that stay in the real cities: religious buildings and sculptured and painted artwork. In Mandigak, archaeologists discovered a large pillar dating from the third millennium BC, which was painted in red, probably for religious purposes. In De Marassi Hill, archaeologists found a collection of shrines containing religious objects such as goat horns, a bowl, a copper seal, a hollow copper tube, a small marble cup, and a pottery statue.And carved from a mother goddess and a statue that was a symbol of abundance similar to the statues found in Mandigak. Eventually the hilltop desolation was abandoned around 5 BC, perhaps due to the westward diversion of the river where the hilltop deshorracy was built. Mandigak lasted another five years. Two successive Nursing invasions from the north forced the inhabitants of these areas to leave the city after five years of continuous living. While archaeologists in Afghanistan were exploring ancient civilizations in Mandigak and De Marasi, some 3,000 kilometers to the west, in the ancient city of Ur in southern Iraq.Another team of archaeologists encountered other remarkable artifacts as they studied other jewels and artifacts found in the royal tombs (ca. 6 BC). More than twenty thousand beads made of lapis lazuli of the royal tombs were pulled out all exactly the same mineral composition had the sense that they were extracted from a mine. In fact, after extensive investigations, they found that almost every one of these azure jewels used in ancient Near Eastern (Fig. 1) jewels - thousands of kilograms of lacquer stone - all came from a mountain range, deep-sea mining. The Hindu Kush of Afghanistan.
Moving so many azure stones from Afghanistan to Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia), and even to Egypt (where this blue stone was considered to be the fashionable peak), and transporting precious stones (such as gold, copper, precious stones, wood, and other animals) Native) Without advanced logistics and a set of facilities and facilities the route would not have been possible. As archaeological evidence shows, the fourth and third millennium BC civilization left no vacuum in the vastness of the communication and commercial worlds that connected Mesopotamia with India and China. In 5 BC, early forms of urban life with specific cultures flourished at regular intervals, such as rocky steppes throughout Central Asia, so that Lajwardi who fled from Afghanistan's stone mines to major cities such as UrComing in 5 BC and being transported along commercial routes, its trade has been active thousands of years before. In contrast to the Mesopotamian, Egyptian or Sindh civilizations, in Central Asian civilizations, there were no superior rivers for concentrating people, resources, and exchanges along the route to the ocean. However, a great mix of diverse peoples and independent societies arose in these remote lands - a discontinuous urbanization where water scarcity and harsh climatic conditions were common.
Works achieved in Afghanistan since the Bronze Age (1500-4000 BC) in Akrmqlh (in Helmand), Aliabad (in Kunduz Province), aq kupruk (in the province), elbow (in Jawzjan province), Aytantph (in Samangan), Three Ghoghandi Wind (in Kandahar Province), Money Garden (in Kandahar Province), Bargtot (in Farah Province), Basiz (in Kunduz Province), Boeenqarah (in Balkh Province), Chadertepa (in Balkh Province), Charseng (in Balkh Province) Kandahar), Chuli Abadan (in Kunduz Province), Dum (in Nimroz Province), Kaur Valley (in Badakhshan), Dasli;(In Jawzjan Province), Deshli 2 (in Jawzjan Province), Eastern Deshli (in Jawzjan Province), South Deshli (in Jawzjan Province), Deir Marasi Hill (in Kandahar Province), Deh-No (in Samangan Province), Farrokhabad (in Province) Balkh), Battalion Rig (in Nimroz Province), Hirdai Tappeh (in Faryab Province), Kandahar, Khoshbai (in Takhar Province), Khashtipe (Tappeh Fallool) (in Baghlan Province), Kohne Qaleh Taleghan (in Takhar Province), Lairo (in Province) Zabul), Mandigak (in Kandahar Province), Mandi Hessar (in Kandahar Province), Kounsai (in Kunduz Province), Gorghan Tappeh (in Takhar Province), Saeed Qale Tappeh (in Kandahar Province), Sassmaq (in Takhar Province), Safa City Wow Yat Zabol), Shirabad (in Samangan Province), Shurtoghi(In Takhar province), Sangrigan (in Samangan province), Espirirun (in Kandahar province), Tikar (in Faryab province) and Ortebaz (in Takhar province) have been found.
The New Bronze Age and the Iron Age, Aryan Migration and Western-Meru Civilization
After 5 BC, the growth of urban societies in Central Asia was severely challenged. Within a span of six years, none of the major centers that existed in the first half of the third millennium BC ceased to exist. The exact reasons for this "civil disintegration" remain a mystery. However, in the late third millennium BC, in northern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, a series of events led to the emergence of cities and habitats that were left behind to have a major impact.
A large number of invaders and immigrants nomadic, pastoral people without the city riding on a horse or chariot traveled, and already called Aryans (derived from Sanskrit, meaning "decent and honest") were known, the area of the Caspian Sea toward They migrated south and crossed the Oxus and entered modern-day Afghanistan during the early second millennium BC (ca. 6 BC). No artifacts with Aryan travel have been found. But according to legend, the Aryans, as they migrated, wrote poems that were transmitted word of mouth from one generation of priests to the next generation, until about 7 BC, when the poems were collected in a multi-volume collection called Rigveda.It is famous (1-5 BC). These writings are about an ethnicity who, centuries before, came from the Hindu Kush and crossed the Coban River, or the Kabul River, 5 BC (Fig. 1), thus making it almost possible to travel these settlers behind Central Asia. They passed, visualized.
Aryan tribes from Central Asia (' Aryan migration ') reached north and west of Afghanistan; some settled in these areas and others headed east to the north of India and west to the Iranian plateau. Evidence of the earliest settlement of the Iron Age settlers was found in Aq Kupruk IV. Aryan peoples lived as small tribes in the eastern parts of the Iranian plateau (including modern-day Afghanistan), in the western Pamir plateau and north of the Hindu Kush mountains. They had common language and customs. In ancient times, Indian and Iranian tribes (those who spoke Hindu languages) declared themselves AryanThey called it. Examples of these references can be found in Avesta, Achaemenid inscriptions, and ancient Hindu texts (such as Rigveda).
With the growth and prosperity of the fields and villages, the inhabitants of the fertile plains around the Hindu Kush gradually devised primitive irrigation practices that allowed them to begin cultivating cereals in the northern plains of Afghanistan. These northern regions are the land of the West, which is later referred to in Western literature as Bactria. In the West Bank, a series of Deltamandan oats was created by extensive irrigation systems five years ago. The inhabitants of these settlements fortified their habitat against invaders. The architectural style still used today in northern Afghanistan. It seems that the culture of these people living in the oasis with the culture of their interstate neighbors(Mesopotamia) had similarities, such as: artisan craftsmanship, the existence of elite class and complex public traditions. However, due to the lack of script and writing in this civilization, their native civilization is not known. Scholars today call this anonymous civilization the " Balkh-Meru Archaeological Collection " (BMAC), or the "Amodaria Civilization" (Oxus Civilization). Scientific evidence for the existence of advanced civilization in northern Afghanistan was obtained about 1-2 BC from excavations in more than a dozen archaeological sites during BMAC in the seventies. The treasure of Fallow Hill in northern Afghanistan is a remnant of this civilization, showing that the Afghan people were involved in world trade at the time of the Burns.
The Amodaria civilization extends into the eastern lands between 5 BC and 6 BC and reaches the west bank of the Indus River and extends the Indus Valley civilization there. It is thought that as the number of members increased, these people would be forced to migrate to the east, west and south of their mainland. The underlying cause of their migration is unclear, but it appears to be because of difficult weather conditions and lack of pastures.
Around 1–2 BC: Rigveda One of the oldest known texts in a Hindu-European language, in the Vedic period when the Iranians and Indians lived together, in Sapta Sindhu ('the land of the Seven Rivers'), probably Punjab or Punjab Be cable, it was written.
Around 7 BC: Migration of categories of Iranian ethnicity from the Balkh-Merv Archaeological Collection (BMAC) to the Iranian plateau and western Iran.
Around 1100-550 BC: Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion - Zoroastrianism - in Balkh (Bactra) introduced throughout the Iranian plateau is released. According to the myth (which appears in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh about AD 4), Zarathustra is killed by a Turanian in Balkh. The Turanians are one of several nomadic tribes that invaded northern Afghanistan between 1 and 2 BC, either stayed or passed through. (Zoroastrian history is in question and is estimated to be around 2 to about 5 BC)
As it turns out, the Avesta native Afghans and adjacent territories calling themselves Aryan are forced to migrate to other parts of Afghanistan and adjacent lands due to the cold and lack of pastures. The Vandidad and Yasht generations of Avesta refer to the geographical range that constituted the first Aryan settlements, with the eastern portion of the Iranian plateau extending to ancient Iran and ancient India.
In the meantime, the first Vindad refers to a list of the sixteen lands created by Ahura Mazda, where the Anguinal mino wreaks havoc on the creation of Ahura Mazda. This list is:
Ayryanh Vyjh * = the birthplace of Zoroaster (about 1000 BC) and Zoroastrianism, adjacent to the lands of Sughd, Merv and Balkh, etc., which came immediately after that; *
Claw = Sogdian Land;
Moreau = Land of Mero;
Bakhti = Balkh Land;
Nysayh = land between Merv and Balkh, probably Maimana;
Hrvyvh = land of Herat;
Vykrth = land of Gandhara;
Avrva = probably the area of Ghazni;
Khnnth = land that is home to the "Varkaneh" mentioned, where Marquardt habitat Barkanyhay (Barkánioi) Astzyas (Ctesias) knows, the people that the word Persian ancient Varkaneh is similar, residents Hyrcania, Gorgan today, or likely less, Hyrcania;
Hrkhvyty = Land Arachosia (Kandahar);
Hytvmnt = area of Helmand, the province more or less Zrnk Achaemenid correspond;
Rghh = territory in the north Hrkhvyty and Hytvmnt the land route Chkhrh; according to its position in the list of to the land of Reggae (Ragā) course material and possibly also the land of Rgha Zrtshtry- (Raγa zaraθuštri-) Yasht 19 ۱۸ شود to be distinguished ؛
Chkhrh = land between Ghazni and Kabul; nor Mazandaran, as Christensen thought;
Vernet = area of Bonaire, Verneuil Mahamayvry, Yvrnvs Alexander the Macedonian, habitat Fereydoun (Fereydun | FerΘraētaona / Frēdōn / Afrīḏūn);
Hpth Hindu = "Seven is" the land of Spth Sndvh in the geography of the Vedic, the northeastern region of Punjab;
Rnha = the land expressive in the geography of the Vedic, the number of pages as well as "Battering rams" (Kabul) and "chrome" (cream) come, a river in a mountainous area, probably the Indus associated, not with Syr Darya and not by the Volga;
If we compare the first part of Vendidad with the Yashti references to the geography of the Avesta people's habitat, we will see that the Hindu Kush mountain range lies at the center of the Avesta geography. The western boundary of the Avesta is the territories of Meru, Herat and Zarang, and its eastern boundary is the border areas such as Gandara, Bonaire and Haft Rood. Soghd and probably Khwarazm determine its northern border and the lands of Sistan and Baluchistan its southern border. Thus, Afghanistan today forms the heart of Avesta's geography. It is noteworthy that some ancient Greek historians, such as Eratosthenes and Strabo, came from a series of lands called "Aryans" (Greek).: Αρειανη, in Latin: " Ariana » / Ariana) have learned that between the lands of ancient Persia and Ancient India was, and today the Mygrfthast Afghanistan.
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