Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red. It is similar to violet, but unlike violet, which is a spectral color with its own wavelength on the visible spectrum of light, purple is a composite color made by combining red and blue. According to surveys in Europe and the U.S., purple is the color most often associated with royalty, magic, mystery, and piety. When combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity, and seduction.
Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and later by Roman Catholic bishops. Similarly in Japan, the color is traditionally associated with the Emperor and aristocracy. The complementary color of purple is yellow.
In culture and society
Asian culture
In China, purple represents spiritual awareness, physical and mental healing, strength and abundance. A red purple symbolizes luck and fame. The Chinese word for purple, zi, is connected with the North Star, Polaris, or zi Wei in Chinese.
In Chinese astrology the North Star was the home of the Celestial Emperor, the ruler of the heavens (As noted above, the area around the North Star is called the Purple Forbidden Enclosure in Chinese astronomy.). For that reason the forbidden city in Beijing was also known as the purple forbidden city (zi Jin cheng).
In Chinese painting, the color purple represents the harmony of the universe because it is a combination of red and blue (yang and yin respectively).
In Japan, purple is the color of privilege and wealth, the color associated with the Japanese aristocracy. The word for purple is murasaki, which is also the name of the purple gromwell flower
Purple was a popular color introduced into Japanese dress during the Heian Period (794–1185). The dye was made from the root of the alkanet plant (Anchusa officinalis), also known as murasaki in Japanese. At about the same time, Japanese painters began to use a pigment made from the same plant.
In Thailand, widows in mourning wear the color purple. Purple is also associated with Saturday on the Thai solar calendar.
Engineering
The color purple plays a significant role in the traditions of engineering schools across Canada. This fascination with purple is commonly attributed to the story of the sinking of the Titanic, in which the purple-clad Marine Engineers remained on board to delay the ship's sinking. Purple is also the colour of the Engineering Corp in the British Military. It is common for engineers across schools in Canada to dye themselves (and their leather jackets, in the case of Queen's University engineers) purple using the medical dye Gentian Violet, especially during events such as Frosh Week.
Idioms and expressions
Purple prose refers to pretentious or overly embellished writing. For example, a paragraph containing an excessive number of long and unusual words is called a purple passage.
Born to the purple means someone who is born into a life of wealth and privilege. It originally was used to describe the rulers of the Byzantine Empire. The Empresses gave birth in a purple chamber in the palace in Constantinople.
A purple patch is a period of exceptional success or good luck. The origins are obscure, but it probably refers to the symbol of success of the Byzantine Court. Bishops in Byzantium wore a purple patch on their costume as a symbol of rank.
Purple haze refers to a state of mind induced by psychedelic drugs, particularly LSD. It is said to have originated because the first LSD manufactured by the pharmaceutical company Sandoz was contained in purple capsules. Owsley Stanley also produced a batch of LSD in 1966 that was contained in purple pills. In addition, there is a strain of cannabis called Purple Haze that has purple buds. The expression purple haze gave its name to a 1967 song by Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix denied that his song was about drugs, saying that he took the expression from a science fiction novel that he had read.
Wearing purple is a military slang expression in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. for an officer who is serving in a joint assignment with another service; an Army officer on assignment to the Navy, an Air Force officer in the Marines, etc. The officer is symbolically putting aside his or her traditional uniform color and exclusive loyalty to their service during the joint assignment, though in fact they continue to wear their own service's uniform.
Purple squirrel is a term used by employment recruiters to describe a job candidate with precisely the right education, experience, and qualifications that perfectly fits a job’s multifaceted requirements. The assumption is that the perfect candidate is as rare as a real-life purple squirrel.
Military
The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed during their service.
Music
Deep Purple is a popular rock band.
Purple words (on a grey background) are referenced by Neil Young in Cowgirl in the Sand as a more accessible and appropriate form of purple prose perhaps
"Deep Purple" is also the name of a popular song that was the favorite of Babe Ruth.
"Purple Haze" is one Jimi Hendrix's most popular songs.
Purple was the favorite color of musician Prince. His 1984 film and album Purple Rain is one of his best-known works. The title track is Prince's signature song and was nearly always played in concert. Prince encouraged his fans to wear purple to his concerts.
"Hail to purple" is a line in the Northwestern University alma mater.
Purple are a British tribute band to Deep Purple.
The Mulberry Purple is a popular modern rock band.
"Purple People Eater" was one of the biggest rock and roll hits of 1958.
"Start Wearing Purple" is a song by Gogol Bordello.
Purple Ribbon Records is a hip-hop record label owned by rapper Big Boi of the rap duo Outkast. 2005 saw the release of the mixtape Got Purp? Vol 2 featuring the Purple Ribbon All-Stars and other artists on the label. In this case, purple refers to a particular quality of marijuana.
Purple is a 1994 album by the band Stone Temple Pilots.
Purple is also the name of a track by rap artist Nas.
Purple Music, Inc is a company in Switzerland that produces house music.
The New Riders of the Purple Sage is an American country rock band. The group emerged from the psychedelic rock scene in San Francisco in 1969, and its original lineup included members of the Grateful Dead.
"The Purple Bottle" is a song by Animal Collective.
Purple Line is a song by Korean band, TVXQ.
Purple is the color worn by Jeff Fatt and later Lachlan Gillespie of the children's musical group The Wiggles.
Parapsychology
In parapsychology, people with purple auras are said to have a love of ritual and ceremony.
Politics
In British politics, purple is used to represent the UK Independence Party, a right-wing Eurosceptic party.
In the Republic of Ireland, the Social Democrats use purple as a party color.
In the politics of the Netherlands, Purple (Dutch: paars) means a coalition government consisting of liberals and social democrats (symbolized by the colors blue and red, respectively), as opposed to the more common coalitions of the Christian Democrats with one of the other two. Between 1994 and 2002 there were two Purple cabinets, both led by Prime Minister Wim Kok.
The Purple Republic is a fictional republic based around the color Purple. They advocate the eradication of all non purple penguins on Club Penguin.
In the Politics of Belgium, as with the Netherlands, a purple government includes liberal and social-democratic parties in coalition. Belgium was governed by Purple governments from 1999 to 2007 under the leadership of Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt.
In United States politics, a purple state is a state equally balanced between Republicans (currently symbolized by red, traditionally as blue) and Democrats (currently symbolized as blue, traditionally as red).
In Norwegian politics, the Liberal People's Party has used purple to symbolize their politics of unregulated laissez-faire capitalism.
The United States Pirate Party is symbolized by purple.
Rhyme
In the English language, the word "purple" has only one perfect rhyme curple
others are obscure perfect rhymes, such as hirple:
Robert Burns rhymes purple with curple in his Epistle to Mrs. Scott. A curple refers to 1) the small of the waist before the flare of the hips or 2) a derriere, rump or behind.
Examples of imperfect rhymes or non-word rhymes with purple:
In the song Grace Kelly by Mika the word purple is rhymed with "hurtful".
In his hit song "Dang Me," Roger Miller sings these lines:
Roses are red, violets are purple
Sugar is sweet and so is maple surple [sic]
Sexuality
Purple is sometimes associated with the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. It is the symbolic color worn on Spirit Day, a commemoration that began in 2010 to show support for young people who are bullied because of their sexual orientation. Purple is closely associated with bisexuality, largely in part to the bisexual pride flag which combines pink – representing homosexuality – and blue – representing heterosexuality – to create the bisexual purple. The purple hand is another symbol sometimes used by the LGBT community during parades and demonstrations.
Sports and games
The National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns and Sacramento Kings use purple as their primary color, though the Lakers formerly used the term "Forum Blue", in reference to their old arena The Forum. Coincidentally, all three teams are in the Pacific Division of the NBA.
In Indian Premier League, purple is the primary color of the Kolkata Knight Riders.
The National Hockey League's Los Angeles Kings used purple as one of their primary colors.
In Major League Baseball, purple is one of the primary colors for the Colorado Rockies.
In the National Football League, the Minnesota Vikings and Baltimore Ravens use purple as main colors.
The Australian Football League's Fremantle Football Club use purple as one of their primary colors.
In Association football (soccer), Italian Serie A club ACF Fiorentina, Belgian Pro League club and former Europa League winner R.S.C. Anderlecht, French Ligue 1 club Toulouse FC and Ligue 2 club FC Istres, Spanish La Liga club Real Valladolid, Austrian Football Bundesliga club FK Austria Wien, Hungarian Nemzeti Bajnokság I club Újpest FC, Slovenian PrvaLiga club NK Maribor, former Romanian Liga I clubs FC Politehnica Timișoara and FC Argeș Pitești, Andorran Primera Divisió club CE Principat, German club Tennis Borussia Berlin, Italian club A.S.D. Legnano Calcio 1913, Swedish club Fässbergs IF, Australian A-League Club Perth Glory and American Major League Soccer club Orlando City use purple as one of their primary colors.
Melbourne Storm from Australia's National Rugby League use purple as one of their primary colors.
Costa Rica's Primera División soccer team Deportivo Saprissa's main color is purple (actually a burgundy like shade), and their nickname is the "Monstruo Morado", or "Purple Monster".
In tennis, the official colors of the Wimbledon championships are deep green and purple (traditionally called mauve).
In American college athletics, Louisiana State University, Kansas State University, Texas Christian University, the University of Central Arkansas, Northwestern University, the University of Washington, and East Carolina University all have purple as one of their main team colors.
The University of Western Ontario in London, Canada and Bishop's University in Sherbrooke, Canada has purple as one of its main team colors.
Billiard games
Purple is the color of the ball in Snooker Plus with a 10-point value.
In the game of pool, purple is the color of the 4-solid and the 12-striped balls.
Flags
Today only one nation in the world has purple or violet in its national flag; the Flag of Dominica, an island in the Caribbean, features a sisserou parrot, a national symbol.
The lower band of the flag of the second Spanish republic (1931–39) was colored a tone of purple, to represent the common people as opposed to the red of the Spanish monarchy, unlike other nations of Europe where purple represented royalty and red represented the common people.
In Japan, the prefecture of Tokyo's flag is purple, as is the flag of Ichikawa.
Porpora, or purpure, a shade of purple, was added late to the list of colors of European heraldry. A purple lion was the symbol of the old Spanish Kingdom of León (910–1230), and it later appeared on the flag of Spain, when the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of León merged together.
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2018年3月31日星期六
Purple in history and art
Purple is a color intermediate between blue
and red. It is similar to violet, but unlike violet, which is a spectral color
with its own wavelength on the visible spectrum of light, purple is a composite
color made by combining red and blue. According to surveys in Europe and the U.S.
Purple was the color worn by Roman
magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine
Empire and the Holy Roman Empire , and later by
Roman Catholic bishops. Similarly in Japan
In art, history and fashion
In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian
purple
Purple first appeared in prehistoric art
during the Neolithic era. The artists of Pech Merle cave and other Neolithic
sites in France
As early as the 15th century BC the
citizens of Sidon and Tyre ,
two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia, (present day Lebanon
The process of making the dye was long,
difficult and expensive. Thousands of the tiny snails had to be found, their
shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of empty shells have been found at
the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre
Tyrian purple became the color of kings,
nobles, priests and magistrates all around the Mediterranean .
It was mentioned in the Old Testament; In the Book of Exodus, God instructs
Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of
blue, and purple, and scarlet.", to be used in the curtains of the
Tabernacle and the garments of priests. The term used for purple in the
4th-century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is purpura or Tyrian
purple. In the Iliad of Homer, the belt of Ajax kingdom of Lydia Tyre to provide purple fabrics to decorate
the Temple of Jerusalem
Alexander the Great (when giving imperial
audiences as the basileus of the Macedonian Empire), the basileus of the
Seleucid Empire, and the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt all wore Tyrian purple.
The Roman custom of wearing purple togas
may have come from the Etruscans; an Etruscan tomb painting from the 4th
century BC shows a nobleman wearing a deep purple and embroidered toga.
In Ancient Rome, the Toga praetexta was an
ordinary white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border. It was worn by
freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of age, curule magistrates, certain
categories of priests, and a few other categories of citizens.
The Toga picta was solid purple,
embroidered with gold. During the Roman
Republic
During the Roman Republic Roman Empire , purple was more and
more associated exclusively with the emperors and their officers. Suetonius
claims that the early emperor Caligula had the King of Mauretania murdered for
the splendour of his purple cloak, and that Nero forbade the use of certain
purple dyes. In the late empire the sale of purple cloth became a state
monopoly protected by the death penalty.
Jesus Christ, in the hours leading up to
his crucifixion, was dressed in purple (πορφύρα: porphura) by the Roman
garrison to mock his claim to be 'King of the Jews'.
The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to
have varied from a reddish to a bluish purple. According to the Roman writer
Vitruvius, (1st century BC), the murex coming from northern waters, probably
murex brandaris, produced a more bluish color than those of the south, probably
murex trunculus. The most valued shades were said to be those closer to the
color of dried blood, as seen in the mosaics of the robes of the Emperor
Justinian in Ravenna
In modern times, Tyrian purple has been
recreated, at great expense. When the German chemist, Paul Friedander, tried to
recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed twelve thousand mollusks to create
1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color a handkerchief. In the year 2000, a gram of
Tyrian purple made from ten thousand mollusks according to the original
formula, cost two thousand euros.
Purple in the Byzantine Empire and
Carolingian Europe
Through the early Christian era, the rulers
of the Byzantine Empire continued the use of
purple as the imperial color, for diplomatic gifts, and even for imperial
documents and the pages of the Bible. Gospel manuscripts were written in gold
lettering on parchment that was colored Tyrian purple. Empresses gave birth in
the Purple Chamber, and the emperors born there were known as "born to the
purple," to separate them from emperors who won or seized the title
through political intrigue or military force. Bishops of the Byzantine church
wore white robes with stripes of purple, while government officials wore
squares of purple fabric to show their rank.
In western Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne
was crowned in 800 wearing a mantle of Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in
a shroud of the same color, which still exists (see below). However, after the
fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in
1453, the color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople
were destroyed, and gradually scarlet, made with dye from the cochineal insect,
became the royal color in Europe .
The Middle Ages and Renaissance
In 1464, Pope Paul II decreed that
cardinals should no longer wear Tyrian purple, and instead wear scarlet, from
kermes and alum, since the dye from Byzantium
While purple was worn less frequently by
Medieval and Renaissance kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of
many of Europe 's new universities. Their robes
were modeled after those of the clergy, and they often wore square violet or
purple caps and robes, or black robes with purple trim. Purple robes were
particularly worn by students of divinity.
Purple and violet also played an important
part in the religious paintings of the Renaissance. Angels and the Virgin Mary
were often portrayed wearing purple or violet robes.
18th and 19th centuries
In the 18th century, purple was still worn
on occasion by Catherine the Great and other rulers, by bishops and, in lighter
shades, by members of the aristocracy, but rarely by ordinary people, because
of its high cost. But in the 19th century, that changed.
In 1856, an eighteen-year-old British
chemistry student named William Henry Perkin was trying to make a synthetic
quinine. His experiments produced instead the first synthetic aniline dye, a
purple shade called mauveine, shortened simply to mauve. It took its name from
the mallow flower, which is the same color. The new color quickly became
fashionable, particularly after Queen Victoria
Purple was popular with the pre-Raphaelite
painters in Britain
20th and 21st centuries
At the turn of the century, purple was a
favorite color of the Austrian painter Gustav Klimt, who flooded his pictures
with sensual purples and violets.
In the 20th century, purple retained its
historic connection with royalty; George VI (1896–1952), wore purple in his
official portrait, and it was prominent in every feature of the coronation of
Elizabeth II in 1953, from the invitations to the stage design inside
Westminster Abbey. But at the same time, it was becoming associated with social
change; with the Women's Suffrage movement for the right to vote for women in
the early decades of the century, with Feminism in the 1970s, and with the
psychedelic drug culture of the 1960s.
In the early 20th century, purple, green,
and white were the colors of the Women's Suffrage movement, which fought to win
the right to vote for women, finally succeeding with the 19th Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution in 1920. Later, in the 1970s, in a tribute to the
Suffragettes, it became the color of the women's liberation movement.
In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany,
prisoners who were members of non-conformist religious groups, such as the
Jehovah's Witnesses, were required to wear a purple triangle.
During the 1960s and early 1970s, it was
also associated with counterculture, psychedelics, and musicians like Jimi
Hendrix with his 1967 song "Purple Haze", or the English rock band of
Deep Purple which formed in 1968. Later, in the 1980s, it was featured in the
song and album Purple Rain (1984) by the American musician Prince.
The Purple Rain Protest was a protest
against apartheid that took place in Cape
Town , South Africa
The violet or purple necktie became very
popular at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, particularly among
political and business leaders. It combined the assertiveness and confidence of
a red necktie with the sense of peace and cooperation of a blue necktie, and it
went well with the blue business suit worn by most national and corporate
leaders.
In ancient China
Purple was regarded as a secondary colour
in ancient China
Source From Wikipedia
Purple in science and nature
Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red. It is similar to violet, but unlike violet, which is a spectral color with its own wavelength on the visible spectrum of light, purple is a composite color made by combining red and blue. According to surveys in Europe and the U.S., purple is the color most often associated with royalty, magic, mystery, and piety. When combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity, and seduction.
Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and later by Roman Catholic bishops. Similarly in Japan, the color is traditionally associated with the Emperor and aristocracy. The complementary color of purple is yellow.
Etymology and definitions
The word 'purple' comes from the Old English word purpul which derives from Latin purpura, in turn from the Greek πορφύρα (porphura), name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail.
The first recorded use of the word 'purple' in the English language was in the year 975 AD. In heraldry, the word purpure is used for purple.
Purple vs. violet
Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet #800080
RGB (r, g, b) (128, 0, 128)
CMYK (c, m, y, k) (50, 100, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v) (300°, 100%, 50%)
Violet
Color coordinates
Hex triplet #8F00FF
sRGBB (r, g, b) (143, 0, 255)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k) (44, 100, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v) (274°, 100%, 100%)
In the traditional color wheel used by painters, violet and purple are both placed between red and blue. Purple occupies the space closer to red, between crimson and violet. Violet is closer to blue, and is usually less saturated than purple.
While the two colors look similar, from the point of view of optics there are important differences. Violet is a spectral color – it occupies its own place at the end of the spectrum of light first identified by Isaac Newton in 1672, and it has its own wavelength (approximately 380–420 nm) – whereas purple is a combination of two spectral colors, red and blue. There is no such thing as the "wavelength of purple light"; it only exists as a combination. See Line of purples.
Monochromatic violet light cannot be produced by the red-green-blue (RGB) color system, the method used to create colors on a television screen or computer display. (In fact, the only monochromatic colors of light that can be produced by this color system are the red, green, and blue that define it.) However, the system is capable of approximating it due to the fact that the L-cone (red cone) in the eye is uniquely sensitive to two different discontinuous regions in the visible spectrum – its primary region being the long wavelength light of the yellow-red region of the spectrum, and a secondary smaller region overlapping with the S-cone (blue cone) in the shortest wavelength, violet part. This means that when violet light strikes the eye, the S-cone should be stimulated strongly, and the L-cone stimulated weakly along with it. By lighting the red primary of the display weakly along with the blue primary, a relatively similar pattern of sensitization can be achieved, creating an illusion, the sensation of extremely short wavelength light using what is in fact mixed light of two longer wavelengths. The resulting color has the same hue as pure violet; however, it has a lower saturation.
One psychophysical difference between purple and violet is their appearance with an increase in luminance (apparent brightness). Violet, as it brightens, looks more and more blue. The same effect does not happen with purple. This is the result of what is known as the Bezold–Brücke shift.
While the scientific definitions of violet and purple are clear, the cultural definitions are more varied. The color known in antiquity as Tyrian purple ranged from crimson to a deep bluish-purple, depending upon how it was made. In France, purple is defined as "a dark red, inclined toward violet". The color called purple by the French, pourpre, contains more red and half the amount of blue of the color called purple in the United States and the U.K. In German, this color is sometimes called Purpurrot ("purple-red") to avoid confusion.
In science and nature
The optics of purple
Purple, unlike violet, is not one of the colors of the visible spectrum. It was not one of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton, and it does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason, it is called a non-spectral color. It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. It is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue.
In color theory, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves). The spectral colors violet and indigo are not purples according to color theory, but they are purples according to common English usage since they are between red and blue.
In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is usually placed between crimson and violet. In a slightly different variation, on the color wheel, it is placed between magenta and violet. This shade is sometimes called electric purple (See Shades of purple).
In the RGB color model, named for the colors red, green, and blue, used to create all the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing red and blue light of different intensities on a black screen. The standard HTML color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness.
In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta, or sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment).
On a chromaticity diagram, the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet) is known as the line of purples (or 'purple boundary'); it represents one limit of human color perception. The color magenta used in the CMYK printing process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below. Some common confusion exists concerning the color names "purple" and "violet". Purple is a mixture of red and blue light, whereas violet is a spectral color.
On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram, violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line is known as the line of purples, or the purple line.
Pigments
Hematite and manganese are the oldest pigments used for the color purple. They were used by Neolithic artists in the form of sticks, like charcoal, or ground and powdered and mixed with fat, and used as a paint. Hematite is a reddish iron oxide which, when ground coarsely, makes a purple pigment. Manganese was also used in Roman times to color glass purple.
Han purple was the first synthetic purple pigment, invented in China in about 700 BC. It was used in wall paintings and pottery and other applications. In color, it was very close to indigo, which had a similar chemical structure. Han purple was very unstable, and sometimes was the result of the chemical breakdown of Han blue.
During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuili with red ochre, cinnabar, or minium. They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using woad or indigo dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red.
Cobalt violet was the first modern synthetic color in the purple family, manufactured in 1859. It was found, along with cobalt blue, in the palette of Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Georges Seurat. It was stable, but had low tinting power and was expensive, so quickly went out of use.
Manganese violet was a stronger color than cobalt violet, and replaced it on the market.
Quinacridone violet, one of a modern synthetic organic family of colors, was discovered in 1896 but not marketed until 1955. It is sold today under a number of brand names.
Dyes
The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple, made from a type of sea snail called the murex, found around the Mediterranean. (See history section above).
In western Polynesia, residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian purple from the sea urchin. In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a different sea snail, the purpura, found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while the Aztecs used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty.
In the Middle Ages, those who dyed blue fabric and red fabric were members of different guilds, and were forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild. Most purple fabric was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined toward red.
Orcein, or purple moss, was another common purple dye. It was known to the ancient Greeks and Hebrews, and was made from a Mediterranean lichen called archil or dyer's moss (Roccella tinctoria), combined with an ammoniac, usually urine. Orcein began to achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple became the color of demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black for a certain time, before he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors.
From the Middle Ages onward, purple and violet dyes for the clothing of common people were often made from the blackberry or other red fruit of the genus rubus, or from the mulberry. All of these dyes were more reddish than bluish, and faded easily with washing and exposure to sunlight.
A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the Renaissance was made from the wood of the logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum), which grew in Spanish Mexico. Depending on the different minerals added to the dye, it produced a blue, red, black or, with the addition of alum, a purple color, It made a good color, but, like earlier dyes, it did not resist sunlight or washing.
In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same time. Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that can be used to dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. Cudbear was developed by Dr Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in a solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder. The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy.
French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride; the resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples.
Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th century, and is made by a similar process as cobalt blue, cerulean blue and cobalt green. It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists.
Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic organic chemical dye, discovered serendipitously in 1856. Its chemical name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate.
Fuchsine was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a brilliant fuchsia color.
In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments called quinacridone came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896, but were not synthetized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The colors in the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the molecular formula C20H12N2O2. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing, and are widely used today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in automobile coatings and other industrial coatings.
Why grapes, eggplants and pansies are purple
Grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers are purple because they contain natural pigments called anthocyanins. These pigments are found in the leaves, roots, stems, vegetables, fruits and flowers of all plants. They aid photosynthesis by blocking harmful wavelengths of light that would damage the leaves. In flowers, the purple anthocyanins help attract insects who pollinate the flowers. Not all anthocyanins are purple; they vary in color from red to purple to blue, green, or yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.
Microbiology
Purple bacteria are proteobacteria that are phototrophic, that is, capable of producing energy through photosynthesis.
In April 2007 it was suggested that early archaea may have used retinal, a purple pigment, instead of chlorophyll, to extract energy from the sun. If so, large areas of the ocean and shoreline would have been colored purple; this is called the Purple Earth hypothesis.
Astronomy
One of the stars in the Pleiades, called Pleione, is sometimes called Purple Pleione because, being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue caused by its blue-white color being obscured by a spinning ring of electrically excited red hydrogen gas.
The Purple Forbidden enclosure is a name used in traditional Chinese astronomy for those Chinese constellations that surround the North Celestial Pole.
Geography
Purple Mountain in China is located on the eastern side of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China. Its peaks are often found enveloped in purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes its name "Purple Mountain". The Purple Mountain Observatory is located there.
Purple Mountain in County Kerry, Ireland, takes its name from the color of the shivered slate on its summit.
Purple Mountain in Wyoming (el. 8,392 feet (2,558 m) is a mountain peak in the southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park.
Purple Mountain, Alaska
Purple Mountain, Oregon
Purple Mountain, Washington
Purple Peak, Colorado
Why distant mountains look blue or purple
The greater the distance from the eye to mountains, the lighter and more blue they appear. This effect, long recognized by Leonardo da Vinci and other painters, is called aerial perspective or atmospheric perspective. The more distant the mountains are, the less contrast the eye sees between the mountains and the sky.
The bluish color is caused by an optical effect called Rayleigh scattering. The sunlit sky is blue because air scatters short-wavelength light more than longer wavelengths. Since blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, it is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light. The result is that the human eye perceives blue when looking toward parts of the sky other than the sun.
At sunrise and sunset, the light is passing through the atmosphere at a lower angle, and traveling a greater distance through a larger volume of air. Much of the green and blue is scattered away, and more red light comes to the eye, creating the colors of the sunrise and sunset and making the mountains look purple.
Source From Wikipedia
Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and later by Roman Catholic bishops. Similarly in Japan, the color is traditionally associated with the Emperor and aristocracy. The complementary color of purple is yellow.
Etymology and definitions
The word 'purple' comes from the Old English word purpul which derives from Latin purpura, in turn from the Greek πορφύρα (porphura), name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail.
The first recorded use of the word 'purple' in the English language was in the year 975 AD. In heraldry, the word purpure is used for purple.
Purple vs. violet
Purple
Color coordinates
Hex triplet #800080
RGB (r, g, b) (128, 0, 128)
CMYK (c, m, y, k) (50, 100, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v) (300°, 100%, 50%)
Violet
Color coordinates
Hex triplet #8F00FF
sRGBB (r, g, b) (143, 0, 255)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k) (44, 100, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v) (274°, 100%, 100%)
In the traditional color wheel used by painters, violet and purple are both placed between red and blue. Purple occupies the space closer to red, between crimson and violet. Violet is closer to blue, and is usually less saturated than purple.
While the two colors look similar, from the point of view of optics there are important differences. Violet is a spectral color – it occupies its own place at the end of the spectrum of light first identified by Isaac Newton in 1672, and it has its own wavelength (approximately 380–420 nm) – whereas purple is a combination of two spectral colors, red and blue. There is no such thing as the "wavelength of purple light"; it only exists as a combination. See Line of purples.
Monochromatic violet light cannot be produced by the red-green-blue (RGB) color system, the method used to create colors on a television screen or computer display. (In fact, the only monochromatic colors of light that can be produced by this color system are the red, green, and blue that define it.) However, the system is capable of approximating it due to the fact that the L-cone (red cone) in the eye is uniquely sensitive to two different discontinuous regions in the visible spectrum – its primary region being the long wavelength light of the yellow-red region of the spectrum, and a secondary smaller region overlapping with the S-cone (blue cone) in the shortest wavelength, violet part. This means that when violet light strikes the eye, the S-cone should be stimulated strongly, and the L-cone stimulated weakly along with it. By lighting the red primary of the display weakly along with the blue primary, a relatively similar pattern of sensitization can be achieved, creating an illusion, the sensation of extremely short wavelength light using what is in fact mixed light of two longer wavelengths. The resulting color has the same hue as pure violet; however, it has a lower saturation.
One psychophysical difference between purple and violet is their appearance with an increase in luminance (apparent brightness). Violet, as it brightens, looks more and more blue. The same effect does not happen with purple. This is the result of what is known as the Bezold–Brücke shift.
While the scientific definitions of violet and purple are clear, the cultural definitions are more varied. The color known in antiquity as Tyrian purple ranged from crimson to a deep bluish-purple, depending upon how it was made. In France, purple is defined as "a dark red, inclined toward violet". The color called purple by the French, pourpre, contains more red and half the amount of blue of the color called purple in the United States and the U.K. In German, this color is sometimes called Purpurrot ("purple-red") to avoid confusion.
In science and nature
The optics of purple
Purple, unlike violet, is not one of the colors of the visible spectrum. It was not one of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton, and it does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason, it is called a non-spectral color. It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. It is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue.
In color theory, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves). The spectral colors violet and indigo are not purples according to color theory, but they are purples according to common English usage since they are between red and blue.
In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is usually placed between crimson and violet. In a slightly different variation, on the color wheel, it is placed between magenta and violet. This shade is sometimes called electric purple (See Shades of purple).
In the RGB color model, named for the colors red, green, and blue, used to create all the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing red and blue light of different intensities on a black screen. The standard HTML color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness.
In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta, or sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment).
On a chromaticity diagram, the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet) is known as the line of purples (or 'purple boundary'); it represents one limit of human color perception. The color magenta used in the CMYK printing process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below. Some common confusion exists concerning the color names "purple" and "violet". Purple is a mixture of red and blue light, whereas violet is a spectral color.
On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram, violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line is known as the line of purples, or the purple line.
Pigments
Hematite and manganese are the oldest pigments used for the color purple. They were used by Neolithic artists in the form of sticks, like charcoal, or ground and powdered and mixed with fat, and used as a paint. Hematite is a reddish iron oxide which, when ground coarsely, makes a purple pigment. Manganese was also used in Roman times to color glass purple.
Han purple was the first synthetic purple pigment, invented in China in about 700 BC. It was used in wall paintings and pottery and other applications. In color, it was very close to indigo, which had a similar chemical structure. Han purple was very unstable, and sometimes was the result of the chemical breakdown of Han blue.
During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuili with red ochre, cinnabar, or minium. They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using woad or indigo dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red.
Cobalt violet was the first modern synthetic color in the purple family, manufactured in 1859. It was found, along with cobalt blue, in the palette of Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Georges Seurat. It was stable, but had low tinting power and was expensive, so quickly went out of use.
Manganese violet was a stronger color than cobalt violet, and replaced it on the market.
Quinacridone violet, one of a modern synthetic organic family of colors, was discovered in 1896 but not marketed until 1955. It is sold today under a number of brand names.
Dyes
The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple, made from a type of sea snail called the murex, found around the Mediterranean. (See history section above).
In western Polynesia, residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian purple from the sea urchin. In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a different sea snail, the purpura, found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while the Aztecs used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty.
In the Middle Ages, those who dyed blue fabric and red fabric were members of different guilds, and were forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild. Most purple fabric was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined toward red.
Orcein, or purple moss, was another common purple dye. It was known to the ancient Greeks and Hebrews, and was made from a Mediterranean lichen called archil or dyer's moss (Roccella tinctoria), combined with an ammoniac, usually urine. Orcein began to achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple became the color of demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black for a certain time, before he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors.
From the Middle Ages onward, purple and violet dyes for the clothing of common people were often made from the blackberry or other red fruit of the genus rubus, or from the mulberry. All of these dyes were more reddish than bluish, and faded easily with washing and exposure to sunlight.
A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the Renaissance was made from the wood of the logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum), which grew in Spanish Mexico. Depending on the different minerals added to the dye, it produced a blue, red, black or, with the addition of alum, a purple color, It made a good color, but, like earlier dyes, it did not resist sunlight or washing.
In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same time. Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that can be used to dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. Cudbear was developed by Dr Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in a solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder. The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy.
French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride; the resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples.
Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th century, and is made by a similar process as cobalt blue, cerulean blue and cobalt green. It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists.
Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic organic chemical dye, discovered serendipitously in 1856. Its chemical name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate.
Fuchsine was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a brilliant fuchsia color.
In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments called quinacridone came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896, but were not synthetized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The colors in the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the molecular formula C20H12N2O2. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing, and are widely used today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in automobile coatings and other industrial coatings.
Why grapes, eggplants and pansies are purple
Grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers are purple because they contain natural pigments called anthocyanins. These pigments are found in the leaves, roots, stems, vegetables, fruits and flowers of all plants. They aid photosynthesis by blocking harmful wavelengths of light that would damage the leaves. In flowers, the purple anthocyanins help attract insects who pollinate the flowers. Not all anthocyanins are purple; they vary in color from red to purple to blue, green, or yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.
Microbiology
Purple bacteria are proteobacteria that are phototrophic, that is, capable of producing energy through photosynthesis.
In April 2007 it was suggested that early archaea may have used retinal, a purple pigment, instead of chlorophyll, to extract energy from the sun. If so, large areas of the ocean and shoreline would have been colored purple; this is called the Purple Earth hypothesis.
Astronomy
One of the stars in the Pleiades, called Pleione, is sometimes called Purple Pleione because, being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue caused by its blue-white color being obscured by a spinning ring of electrically excited red hydrogen gas.
The Purple Forbidden enclosure is a name used in traditional Chinese astronomy for those Chinese constellations that surround the North Celestial Pole.
Geography
Purple Mountain in China is located on the eastern side of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China. Its peaks are often found enveloped in purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes its name "Purple Mountain". The Purple Mountain Observatory is located there.
Purple Mountain in County Kerry, Ireland, takes its name from the color of the shivered slate on its summit.
Purple Mountain in Wyoming (el. 8,392 feet (2,558 m) is a mountain peak in the southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park.
Purple Mountain, Alaska
Purple Mountain, Oregon
Purple Mountain, Washington
Purple Peak, Colorado
Why distant mountains look blue or purple
The greater the distance from the eye to mountains, the lighter and more blue they appear. This effect, long recognized by Leonardo da Vinci and other painters, is called aerial perspective or atmospheric perspective. The more distant the mountains are, the less contrast the eye sees between the mountains and the sky.
The bluish color is caused by an optical effect called Rayleigh scattering. The sunlit sky is blue because air scatters short-wavelength light more than longer wavelengths. Since blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, it is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light. The result is that the human eye perceives blue when looking toward parts of the sky other than the sun.
At sunrise and sunset, the light is passing through the atmosphere at a lower angle, and traveling a greater distance through a larger volume of air. Much of the green and blue is scattered away, and more red light comes to the eye, creating the colors of the sunrise and sunset and making the mountains look purple.
Source From Wikipedia
Sankei-en Yokohama, Japan
Sankei-en (三溪園 Sankei Garden) is a traditional Japanese-style garden in Naka Ward, Yokohama, Japan, which opened in 1906 Sankei-en was designed and built by Tomitaro Hara (原富太郎 1868–1939), known by the pseudonym Sankei Hara, who was a silk trader Almost all of its buildings are historically significant structures bought by Hara himself in locations all over the country, among them Tokyo, Kyoto, Kamakura, Gifu Prefecture, and Wakayama prefecture Ten have been declared Important Cultural Property, and three more are Tangible Cultural Properties of Japan designated by the City of Yokohama Badly damaged during World War II, the garden was donated in 1953 to the City of Yokohama, which entrusted it to the Sankeien Hoshōkai Foundation (三溪園保勝会) Sankei-en was then restored almost to its pre-war condition
Sankeien Garden is a spacious Japanese garden created by Sankei Hara, a successful Yokohama businessman who had built a fortune through his silk business The garden is approximately 175,000 ㎡ in space and is located on land facing Tokyo Bay The construction started in 1902 and took 20 years to complete Sankeien is comprised of two gardens;the outer garden that became open to the public in 1906 and inner garden that was for Sankei's private use Being in perfect harmony with the 17 historic architectural properties (temples or buildings associated with historical figures,etc) gathered from areas such as Kyoto and Kamakura, the garden provides delightful scenery that changes according to the season Sankei was also known for his contacts with artists and literary figures Sankeien Garden served as a place to develop modern Japanese culture including art, literature and Chanoyu (or the tea ceremony ritual)
Kakushōkaku:
Next to the entrance, the Kakushōkaku (鶴翔閣) was formerly the private residence of the Hara family Today it can be rented by the public and used for meetings and parties It is one of the three buildings on the premises designated as Tangible Cultural Properties by the City of Yokohama Only during the summer, the Kakushōkaku is open to the public
Sankei Memorial：
Located immediately after the Kakushōkaku, the Sankei Memorial (三溪記念館) was built to introduce the public to the garden and its creator through exhibits, images and works of art A Gifu Prefecture native, Hara was the eldest son of Yanaizuchō village's headman From childhood he liked and studied the fine arts, Sinology and poetry, finally beginning formal studies in 1885 in what is now Tokyo's Waseda University After graduation, he became a teacher at the Atomi School for Girls Born Aoki, he changed it later after marrying one of his students and being adopted by her family He became the head of the family trading business and was very successful After moving to Sankei-en's present location in Honmoku, he started collecting old buildings, rebuilding them in his garden He then decided to open the garden to the public for free in 1906
Outer Garden：
The Outer Garden, that is, the area next to the Main Pond, was the first part of the garden to open to the public in 1906 The buildings it contains are Tōmyō-ji former three-storied pagoda, a tea room called Rindō-an (林洞庵), a tea hut called Yokobue-an (横笛庵), Tōkei-ji's former butsuden (旧東慶寺仏殿) and Tōmyō-ji's former hon-dō (Main Hall) (旧燈明寺本堂)
Tōmyō-ji's former main hall (Important National Cultural Property) was brought here from Kyoto and is an example of Muromachi period (1336–1557) architecture Bought in 1988, it was completely restored with intensive work of restoration and reconstruction that lasted five years
Tōmyō-ji's former three-storied pagoda (Important National Cultural Property) is visible from any point of the garden and is its symbol It was moved to Sankei-en in 1914
Tōkei-ji's former butsuden (Important National Cultural Property) used to be the main hall of a Rinzai Zen temple in Kamakura Its structure and name are typical of that sect It was bought and moved to Sankei-en in 1907
Former Yanohara House：
The Former Yanohara House (旧矢箆原家住宅) used to be the private home of an Edo period (1603–1868) wealthy family, the Yanohara It is the only building whose interior is open to the public all year It was brought here from Gifu Prefecture's Shirakawago, an area listed among the World Heritage sites The house contains the original hearth, bathroom and kitchen used by the Yanohara The second floor houses an exhibition of Japanese folk articles
Inner Garden：
The Inner Garden, north of the Main Pond, was opened to the public in 1958, and was until then the Hara family's private garden Its buildings are the Gomon Gate (御門), the Hakuun-tei (白雲邸), the Rinshunkaku (臨春閣), Tenzui-ji's former Jutō Ōidō (旧天瑞寺寿塔覆堂), the Shunsōro (春草廬), the Kinmokutsu (金毛窟), the Gekkaden (月華殿), the Tenju-in (天授院), the Chōshūkaku (聴秋閣), and the Renge-in Only during the summer, the Rinshunkaku and the Hakuun-tei are open to the public
Sankeien Garden is a spacious Japanese garden created by Sankei Hara, a successful Yokohama businessman who had built a fortune through his silk business The garden is approximately 175,000 ㎡ in space and is located on land facing Tokyo Bay The construction started in 1902 and took 20 years to complete Sankeien is comprised of two gardens;the outer garden that became open to the public in 1906 and inner garden that was for Sankei's private use Being in perfect harmony with the 17 historic architectural properties (temples or buildings associated with historical figures,etc) gathered from areas such as Kyoto and Kamakura, the garden provides delightful scenery that changes according to the season Sankei was also known for his contacts with artists and literary figures Sankeien Garden served as a place to develop modern Japanese culture including art, literature and Chanoyu (or the tea ceremony ritual)
Kakushōkaku:
Next to the entrance, the Kakushōkaku (鶴翔閣) was formerly the private residence of the Hara family Today it can be rented by the public and used for meetings and parties It is one of the three buildings on the premises designated as Tangible Cultural Properties by the City of Yokohama Only during the summer, the Kakushōkaku is open to the public
Sankei Memorial：
Located immediately after the Kakushōkaku, the Sankei Memorial (三溪記念館) was built to introduce the public to the garden and its creator through exhibits, images and works of art A Gifu Prefecture native, Hara was the eldest son of Yanaizuchō village's headman From childhood he liked and studied the fine arts, Sinology and poetry, finally beginning formal studies in 1885 in what is now Tokyo's Waseda University After graduation, he became a teacher at the Atomi School for Girls Born Aoki, he changed it later after marrying one of his students and being adopted by her family He became the head of the family trading business and was very successful After moving to Sankei-en's present location in Honmoku, he started collecting old buildings, rebuilding them in his garden He then decided to open the garden to the public for free in 1906
Outer Garden：
The Outer Garden, that is, the area next to the Main Pond, was the first part of the garden to open to the public in 1906 The buildings it contains are Tōmyō-ji former three-storied pagoda, a tea room called Rindō-an (林洞庵), a tea hut called Yokobue-an (横笛庵), Tōkei-ji's former butsuden (旧東慶寺仏殿) and Tōmyō-ji's former hon-dō (Main Hall) (旧燈明寺本堂)
Tōmyō-ji's former main hall (Important National Cultural Property) was brought here from Kyoto and is an example of Muromachi period (1336–1557) architecture Bought in 1988, it was completely restored with intensive work of restoration and reconstruction that lasted five years
Tōmyō-ji's former three-storied pagoda (Important National Cultural Property) is visible from any point of the garden and is its symbol It was moved to Sankei-en in 1914
Tōkei-ji's former butsuden (Important National Cultural Property) used to be the main hall of a Rinzai Zen temple in Kamakura Its structure and name are typical of that sect It was bought and moved to Sankei-en in 1907
Former Yanohara House：
The Former Yanohara House (旧矢箆原家住宅) used to be the private home of an Edo period (1603–1868) wealthy family, the Yanohara It is the only building whose interior is open to the public all year It was brought here from Gifu Prefecture's Shirakawago, an area listed among the World Heritage sites The house contains the original hearth, bathroom and kitchen used by the Yanohara The second floor houses an exhibition of Japanese folk articles
Inner Garden：
The Inner Garden, north of the Main Pond, was opened to the public in 1958, and was until then the Hara family's private garden Its buildings are the Gomon Gate (御門), the Hakuun-tei (白雲邸), the Rinshunkaku (臨春閣), Tenzui-ji's former Jutō Ōidō (旧天瑞寺寿塔覆堂), the Shunsōro (春草廬), the Kinmokutsu (金毛窟), the Gekkaden (月華殿), the Tenju-in (天授院), the Chōshūkaku (聴秋閣), and the Renge-in Only during the summer, the Rinshunkaku and the Hakuun-tei are open to the public
The Sand Museum, Tottori-shi, Japan
The Sand Museum (砂の美術館) first opened by the Tottori Sand Dunes, Tottori, Japan in 2006, displaying sand sculptures in temporary facilities. In 2012 it reopened in what is said to be the world's first permanent indoor exhibition space dedicated to the art, with works by fifteen international sculptors.
The Sand Museum was founded in November 2006 as an open-air museum showing sand sculptures and is located on the edge of the Tottori Sand Dunes. In April 2012, the museum was renewed, having the world’s first indoor exhibition hall exclusively for sand sculptures. The world’s top class sand sculpture artists create and exhibit their detailed and overwhelming works here.
The sculptures in the Sand Museum are made for an exhibition theme which changes every year. After the exhibition period ends, the sculptures are put back to sand that is used for the new works during the next exhibition period.
This transience existing only for a limited period of time and the vulnerability of sculptures made of sand let them look even more beautiful.
Nature created the "Tottori Sand Dunes," a formative beauty created over the years.
We want to create an unprecedented creative man-made beauty here and to excite and impress people who visit this site.
This desire came to life as the "Sand Museum" which opened at the Tottori Sand Dunes on November 18, 2006.
The museum is Japan's only open-air museum exhibiting sculptures made of "sand." Katsuhiko Chaen, who is now active domestically and abroad as a sand sculptor and producer, is attracting attention as one of "100 Japanese individuals the world respects," is the executive producer of the museum. The highest level of sand sculptures in the world are exhibited every year, inviting sandsculptors from around the world.
Sand sculptures eventually collapse as the material is sand. You can see for a brief time, in that place. The transience is the attraction and beauty of sand sculpture.
The art of sand, features fragility and pathos hidden within the work.
Everyone will have an experience of playing in an enormous sand box or on a beach in their childhood. Such a “sand play,” in which anyone from children to adults can easily enjoy with deep concentration, is the origin of sand sculptures, and many sand sculptors have been successful around the world. Sand sculpturing is the art, you just carve a mass of sand hardened with water. Since the material is sand, there is always a danger of collapse from the start of creation through completion. Though it is a wonderful art work, it is prone to collapse and is temporal. The frailty produces the beauty of sand sculpture. Sand sculptors are challenged by sand, which is easily collapses. Sand sculptures which come into existence like this, continue to surprise and greatly excite many people.
Let’s make a foundation of sand sculpture
Sand sculpturing is the art just carved on a mass of sand hardened with water. Big sculptures exhibited in “The Sand Museum” need the construction of a pyramid-shaped wooden formwork to harden the sand, but anyone can make a small one rather easily. Let’s do it together!
The Sand Museum was founded in November 2006 as an open-air museum showing sand sculptures and is located on the edge of the Tottori Sand Dunes. In April 2012, the museum was renewed, having the world’s first indoor exhibition hall exclusively for sand sculptures. The world’s top class sand sculpture artists create and exhibit their detailed and overwhelming works here.
The sculptures in the Sand Museum are made for an exhibition theme which changes every year. After the exhibition period ends, the sculptures are put back to sand that is used for the new works during the next exhibition period.
This transience existing only for a limited period of time and the vulnerability of sculptures made of sand let them look even more beautiful.
Nature created the "Tottori Sand Dunes," a formative beauty created over the years.
We want to create an unprecedented creative man-made beauty here and to excite and impress people who visit this site.
This desire came to life as the "Sand Museum" which opened at the Tottori Sand Dunes on November 18, 2006.
The museum is Japan's only open-air museum exhibiting sculptures made of "sand." Katsuhiko Chaen, who is now active domestically and abroad as a sand sculptor and producer, is attracting attention as one of "100 Japanese individuals the world respects," is the executive producer of the museum. The highest level of sand sculptures in the world are exhibited every year, inviting sandsculptors from around the world.
Sand sculptures eventually collapse as the material is sand. You can see for a brief time, in that place. The transience is the attraction and beauty of sand sculpture.
The art of sand, features fragility and pathos hidden within the work.
Everyone will have an experience of playing in an enormous sand box or on a beach in their childhood. Such a “sand play,” in which anyone from children to adults can easily enjoy with deep concentration, is the origin of sand sculptures, and many sand sculptors have been successful around the world. Sand sculpturing is the art, you just carve a mass of sand hardened with water. Since the material is sand, there is always a danger of collapse from the start of creation through completion. Though it is a wonderful art work, it is prone to collapse and is temporal. The frailty produces the beauty of sand sculpture. Sand sculptors are challenged by sand, which is easily collapses. Sand sculptures which come into existence like this, continue to surprise and greatly excite many people.
Let’s make a foundation of sand sculpture
Sand sculpturing is the art just carved on a mass of sand hardened with water. Big sculptures exhibited in “The Sand Museum” need the construction of a pyramid-shaped wooden formwork to harden the sand, but anyone can make a small one rather easily. Let’s do it together!
Sanctuary of Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The Sanctuary to Christ the Redeemer is a cultural asset, manifestation of the faith and the history of the Brazilian people More than that, by the perfect union between nature and architecture, Christ the Redeemer was named one of the "New Seven Wonders of the World Modern ", a cultural heritage of all mankind
Christ the Redeemer is an Art Deco statue of God of the Christians in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with the French engineer Albert Caquot Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida fashioned the face The statue is 30 metres (98 ft) tall, not including its 8-metre (26 ft) pedestal, and its arms stretch 28 metres (92 ft) wide
The statue weighs 635 metric tons, and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone, and was constructed between 1922 and 1931
Vincentian priest, Pedro Maria Boss, first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid 1850s to honor Princess Isabel, princess regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II, however the project died due to lack of support In 1889 the country became a republic, and due to the separation of church and state, the idea of the statue was dismissed
Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work
In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy Leonida's portrayal of Christ's face made him famous
A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue The outer layers are soapstone, chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US$250,000 and the monument opened on October 12, 1931 During the opening ceremony, the statue was to be lit by a battery of floodlights turned on remotely by Italian shortwave radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi, stationed 5,700 miles (9,200 km) away in Rome but because of bad weather, the lights were activated on-site
In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo, oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator IBAMA, National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work
More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010 In 2003, a set of escalators, walkways, and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue The four-month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks The lightning rods located in the statue’s head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue
The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantities, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue
Christ the Redeemer is an Art Deco statue of God of the Christians in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with the French engineer Albert Caquot Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida fashioned the face The statue is 30 metres (98 ft) tall, not including its 8-metre (26 ft) pedestal, and its arms stretch 28 metres (92 ft) wide
The statue weighs 635 metric tons, and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone, and was constructed between 1922 and 1931
Vincentian priest, Pedro Maria Boss, first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid 1850s to honor Princess Isabel, princess regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II, however the project died due to lack of support In 1889 the country became a republic, and due to the separation of church and state, the idea of the statue was dismissed
Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work
In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy Leonida's portrayal of Christ's face made him famous
A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue The outer layers are soapstone, chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US$250,000 and the monument opened on October 12, 1931 During the opening ceremony, the statue was to be lit by a battery of floodlights turned on remotely by Italian shortwave radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi, stationed 5,700 miles (9,200 km) away in Rome but because of bad weather, the lights were activated on-site
In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo, oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator IBAMA, National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work
More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010 In 2003, a set of escalators, walkways, and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue The four-month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks The lightning rods located in the statue’s head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue
The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantities, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue
San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, United States
The San Bernardino County Museum, in Redlands, California, is a regional museum with exhibits and collections in cultural and natural history. Special exhibits, the Exploration Station live animal discovery center, extensive research collections, and public programs for adults, families, students, and children are all part of the museum experience.
Mission
Through the lens of the region’s dynamic cultural and natural history, the San Bernardino County Museum develops visitors’ appreciation of our diverse regional identity to spark their curiosity, to stimulate inquiry, to challenge their assumptions, and to invite them to contribute to our common future.
Core Values
Public Service: We exist to better the lives of the citizens in our region.
Diversity: We promote and celebrate the rich complexity of our region’s past, present, and future and provide a welcoming, safe, and intellectually honest space for all people.
Engagement: We provide our community the opportunity for active participation and reflection in our programs and exhibits.
Integrity: We abide by professional ethics, honesty, and transparency.
Competence: We take seriously our role as stewards of our region’s legacy and are methodical in our collections practices, educational programming, and professional development.
Responsibility: Our practices promote fiscal and environmental sustainability.
Collaboration: We believe our community needs can be most successfully met through partnership with individuals and organizations committed to our mission.
Our mission and core values form the foundation for our Strategic Plan for 2017 to 2022.
The San Bernardino County Museum was founded in 1952 by the San Bernardino County Museum Association. It opened to the public in 1957, and was donated to the County of San Bernardino in 1961. The facility moved from Bloomington, California to its present location in Redlands in 1974.
The Museum currently exists as a department of the County, under the Community Services Group. Additional branch sites include the Victor Valley Museum in Apple Valley, the Asistencia in Redlands, the Yucaipa Adobe, the Agua Mansa Pioneer Cemetery in Colton, the Yorba-Slaughter Adobe in Chino, and the John Rains House in Rancho Cucamonga.
The main museum in Redlands contains exhibits exploring cultural and natural history. Special exhibits, the Exploration Station live animal station, the Learning Depot, native plant and cactus gardens, citrus groves, curatorial offices, and research and reference collections all comprise the museum offerings for adults, families, students, and children.
Main Level
Hall of History
Walk a path through Sacred Earth to see baskets, pottery, tools. Share vibrant cultures of our distant past, our present, and our future. All roads lead through San Bernardino. See a Mexican carreta, a covered wagon that crossed the Mojave Desert from Salt Lake City, horse-drawn buggies, and historic automobiles that featured in the discovery and development of Inland Southern California.
Hall of Earth Sciences Sacred Earth
A life-size mastodon and her calf will introduce you to an amazing array of fossils that represent millions of years of life in our area. Learn about plate tectonics and understand why The Big One is such a timely topic in southern California.
Fisk Gallery
Changing exhibits line the walls inside our geodesic dome, which is also used for lectures, meetings, and special activities. Please go to our events calendar for details.
Administration offices and the Museum Store are also located on the main level of the museum, as are the Welcome Desk, restrooms and drinking fountain.
Hall of Biodiversity
Sample the amazing diversity of life in our region: birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. See an outstanding collection of mounted birds from inland Southern California, both residents and migrants. Meet some of the mammals that live in our mountains, valleys, and deserts, and learn how climate and geography combine to create habitats that support a diverse fauna and flora.
Water Bird Hall
Fresh water and salt water habitat displays from the shores of California north to Alaska hold mounted specimens of water birds. Eggs and nests are also displayed, and bird songs may be heard through an interactive exhibit.
Hall of Earth Sciences
The upper level of the Hall of Earth Sciences will soon let you walk through the geology of the Mojave Desert: caves, lakes, playas, mountains, and alluvial fans.
Schuiling Gallery
Sometimes it's a special exhibit, sometimes it's a program . . . but there's usually something going on in the upper level of our geodesic dome. Just outside in the hallway, don't miss our California Condor that died an accidental death more than 60 years ago and stands as a reminder of our vanishing wildlife.
Mission
Through the lens of the region’s dynamic cultural and natural history, the San Bernardino County Museum develops visitors’ appreciation of our diverse regional identity to spark their curiosity, to stimulate inquiry, to challenge their assumptions, and to invite them to contribute to our common future.
Core Values
Public Service: We exist to better the lives of the citizens in our region.
Diversity: We promote and celebrate the rich complexity of our region’s past, present, and future and provide a welcoming, safe, and intellectually honest space for all people.
Engagement: We provide our community the opportunity for active participation and reflection in our programs and exhibits.
Integrity: We abide by professional ethics, honesty, and transparency.
Competence: We take seriously our role as stewards of our region’s legacy and are methodical in our collections practices, educational programming, and professional development.
Responsibility: Our practices promote fiscal and environmental sustainability.
Collaboration: We believe our community needs can be most successfully met through partnership with individuals and organizations committed to our mission.
Our mission and core values form the foundation for our Strategic Plan for 2017 to 2022.
The San Bernardino County Museum was founded in 1952 by the San Bernardino County Museum Association. It opened to the public in 1957, and was donated to the County of San Bernardino in 1961. The facility moved from Bloomington, California to its present location in Redlands in 1974.
The Museum currently exists as a department of the County, under the Community Services Group. Additional branch sites include the Victor Valley Museum in Apple Valley, the Asistencia in Redlands, the Yucaipa Adobe, the Agua Mansa Pioneer Cemetery in Colton, the Yorba-Slaughter Adobe in Chino, and the John Rains House in Rancho Cucamonga.
The main museum in Redlands contains exhibits exploring cultural and natural history. Special exhibits, the Exploration Station live animal station, the Learning Depot, native plant and cactus gardens, citrus groves, curatorial offices, and research and reference collections all comprise the museum offerings for adults, families, students, and children.
Main Level
Hall of History
Walk a path through Sacred Earth to see baskets, pottery, tools. Share vibrant cultures of our distant past, our present, and our future. All roads lead through San Bernardino. See a Mexican carreta, a covered wagon that crossed the Mojave Desert from Salt Lake City, horse-drawn buggies, and historic automobiles that featured in the discovery and development of Inland Southern California.
Hall of Earth Sciences Sacred Earth
A life-size mastodon and her calf will introduce you to an amazing array of fossils that represent millions of years of life in our area. Learn about plate tectonics and understand why The Big One is such a timely topic in southern California.
Fisk Gallery
Changing exhibits line the walls inside our geodesic dome, which is also used for lectures, meetings, and special activities. Please go to our events calendar for details.
Administration offices and the Museum Store are also located on the main level of the museum, as are the Welcome Desk, restrooms and drinking fountain.
Hall of Biodiversity
Sample the amazing diversity of life in our region: birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. See an outstanding collection of mounted birds from inland Southern California, both residents and migrants. Meet some of the mammals that live in our mountains, valleys, and deserts, and learn how climate and geography combine to create habitats that support a diverse fauna and flora.
Water Bird Hall
Fresh water and salt water habitat displays from the shores of California north to Alaska hold mounted specimens of water birds. Eggs and nests are also displayed, and bird songs may be heard through an interactive exhibit.
Hall of Earth Sciences
The upper level of the Hall of Earth Sciences will soon let you walk through the geology of the Mojave Desert: caves, lakes, playas, mountains, and alluvial fans.
Schuiling Gallery
Sometimes it's a special exhibit, sometimes it's a program . . . but there's usually something going on in the upper level of our geodesic dome. Just outside in the hallway, don't miss our California Condor that died an accidental death more than 60 years ago and stands as a reminder of our vanishing wildlife.
SALT Turkey
SALT is a Turkish contemporary art institution It was started by Vasif Kortun and Garanti Bank in 2011, and has exhibition and workshop spaces in Istanbul and Ankara, Turkey It combines the previous activities of the Garanti Gallery, the Ottoman Bank Archives and Research Centre and the Platform Garanti Contemporary Art Center of the bank
SALT explores critical and timely issues in visual and material culture, and cultivates innovative programs for research and experimental thinking Assuming an open attitude and establishing itself as a site of learning and debate SALT aims to challenge, excite and provoke its visitors by encouraging them to offer critique and response
SALT Galata is organized to enable a challenging, multi-layered program that includes SALT Research, which offers public access to thousands of print and digital resources; a 218-capacity Auditorium; the renovated Ottoman Bank Museum; Workshop spaces; an Open Archive where archival research projects are interpreted and discussed; a temporary exhibition space; as well as a Café, Restaurant and Bookstore
SALT Research sources diverse fields of knowledge and provides outlets for thought within the fissures and crossovers of different disciplines The institution’s research projects expand beyond linear chronologies, medium-based questions, and the traditional separation of fields of study SALT assembles archives of recent art, architecture, design, urbanism, and social and economic histories to make them available for research and public use These resources will be interpreted in the form of exhibitions and discussed in all other areas of programming
SALT is one of the six members of L'Internationale, a confederation of European art institutions; the other member institutions are the Moderna galerija in Ljubljana, in Slovenia; the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid, in Spain; the Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona in Barcelona, also in Spain; the Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst Antwerpen in Antwerp, in Belgium; and the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, in the Netherlands
SALT’s activities are distributed between SALT Beyoğlu and SALT Galata in İstanbul, and SALT Ulus in Ankara within an integrated program structure SALT Beyoğlu, is on the pedestrian street İstiklal Caddesi, and shares its audience with a cluster of private cultural institutions, galleries and organizations SALT Beyoğlu’s program and circulation interiors are mainly occupied by exhibition and event spaces The building of SALT Galata was formerly the 19th century Imperial Ottoman Bank headquarters designed by Alexandre Vallaury SALT Galata is organized to enable a challenging, multi-layered program that includes SALT Research, offering public access to thousands of print and digital resources; spaces dedicated to research; workshops; an exhibition and conference hall; as well as the Ottoman Bank Museum SALT Ulus is a site for exhibitions and programs, and hosts young researchers for extended periods in two research residency offices
The architectural renovation of SALT Beyoğlu and SALT Galata was undertaken by Mimarlar Tasarım/Han Tümertekin, with specific interiors commissioned to six design and architecture offices from Turkey in an effort to underscore SALT’s desire to advocate new experimental environments for living and working
French Levantine architect Alexandre Vallauri designed the original building of SALT Galata to house the Ottoman Bank as inaugurated in 1892 The building is a landmark unique to İstanbul with surprisingly distinct architectural styles—neoclassical and oriental—applied on opposite façades
The redesign of the building, also undertaken by Mimarlar Tasarım, involves the introduction of major new structural interventions, while the office's architectural approach clears the building of later surface additions to reveal original contemporary features
SALT has three gallery spaces, all owned by Garanti Bank: the former headquarters of the Imperial Ottoman Bank in Galata, Istanbul; a former apartment block, the Siniossoglou Apartments, in Beyoğlu, Istanbul; and a former guest-house of the Ottoman Bank in Ulus, Ankara
SALT explores critical and timely issues in visual and material culture, and cultivates innovative programs for research and experimental thinking Assuming an open attitude and establishing itself as a site of learning and debate SALT aims to challenge, excite and provoke its visitors by encouraging them to offer critique and response
SALT Galata is organized to enable a challenging, multi-layered program that includes SALT Research, which offers public access to thousands of print and digital resources; a 218-capacity Auditorium; the renovated Ottoman Bank Museum; Workshop spaces; an Open Archive where archival research projects are interpreted and discussed; a temporary exhibition space; as well as a Café, Restaurant and Bookstore
SALT Research sources diverse fields of knowledge and provides outlets for thought within the fissures and crossovers of different disciplines The institution’s research projects expand beyond linear chronologies, medium-based questions, and the traditional separation of fields of study SALT assembles archives of recent art, architecture, design, urbanism, and social and economic histories to make them available for research and public use These resources will be interpreted in the form of exhibitions and discussed in all other areas of programming
SALT is one of the six members of L'Internationale, a confederation of European art institutions; the other member institutions are the Moderna galerija in Ljubljana, in Slovenia; the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid, in Spain; the Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona in Barcelona, also in Spain; the Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst Antwerpen in Antwerp, in Belgium; and the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, in the Netherlands
SALT’s activities are distributed between SALT Beyoğlu and SALT Galata in İstanbul, and SALT Ulus in Ankara within an integrated program structure SALT Beyoğlu, is on the pedestrian street İstiklal Caddesi, and shares its audience with a cluster of private cultural institutions, galleries and organizations SALT Beyoğlu’s program and circulation interiors are mainly occupied by exhibition and event spaces The building of SALT Galata was formerly the 19th century Imperial Ottoman Bank headquarters designed by Alexandre Vallaury SALT Galata is organized to enable a challenging, multi-layered program that includes SALT Research, offering public access to thousands of print and digital resources; spaces dedicated to research; workshops; an exhibition and conference hall; as well as the Ottoman Bank Museum SALT Ulus is a site for exhibitions and programs, and hosts young researchers for extended periods in two research residency offices
The architectural renovation of SALT Beyoğlu and SALT Galata was undertaken by Mimarlar Tasarım/Han Tümertekin, with specific interiors commissioned to six design and architecture offices from Turkey in an effort to underscore SALT’s desire to advocate new experimental environments for living and working
French Levantine architect Alexandre Vallauri designed the original building of SALT Galata to house the Ottoman Bank as inaugurated in 1892 The building is a landmark unique to İstanbul with surprisingly distinct architectural styles—neoclassical and oriental—applied on opposite façades
The redesign of the building, also undertaken by Mimarlar Tasarım, involves the introduction of major new structural interventions, while the office's architectural approach clears the building of later surface additions to reveal original contemporary features
SALT has three gallery spaces, all owned by Garanti Bank: the former headquarters of the Imperial Ottoman Bank in Galata, Istanbul; a former apartment block, the Siniossoglou Apartments, in Beyoğlu, Istanbul; and a former guest-house of the Ottoman Bank in Ulus, Ankara
Serpentine Galleries, London, United Kingdom
The Serpentine Galleries are two contemporary art galleries in Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Central London. Comprising the Serpentine Gallery and the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, they are within five minutes' walk of each other, linked by the bridge over the Serpentine Lake from which the galleries get their names. Their exhibitions, architecture, education and public programmes attract up to 1.2 million visitors a year. Admission to both galleries is free.
he Serpentine Gallery was established in 1970 and is housed in a Grade II listed former tea pavilion built in 1933–34 by the architect James Grey West. Notable artists whose works have been exhibited there include Man Ray, Henry Moore, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Andy Warhol, Paula Rego, Bridget Riley, Allan McCollum, Anish Kapoor, Christian Boltanski, Philippe Parreno, Richard Prince, Wolfgang Tillmans, Gerhard Richter, Gustav Metzger, Damien Hirst, Jeff Koons and Marina Abramović. On the ground at the gallery's entrance is a permanent work made by Ian Hamilton Finlay in collaboration with Peter Coates, and dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales, the gallery's former patron.
Championing new ideas in contemporary art since it opened in 1970, the Serpentine has presented pioneering exhibitions of 2,263 artists over 45 years, showing a wide range of work from emerging practitioners to the most internationally recognised artists and architects of our time.
Today, the Serpentine is two exhibition spaces situated on either side of The Serpentine lake in London’s Kensington Gardens: the Serpentine Gallery and the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am-6pm, the Galleries offer free admission throughout the year.
In addition to a seasonal exhibitions programme of eight shows per year, the Serpentine presents its annual Serpentine Pavilion during the summer months, the first and most ambitious architecture programme of its kind in the world. These programmes are complemented by a series of outdoor sculpture projects, special artist commissions, digital commissions, public and educational programmes, and major outreach projects including the renowned Edgware Road Project.
The Serpentine offers innovative ways for all ages to engage with modern and contemporary art, architecture and design through its exhibitions, projects, education and public programmes.
The Serpentine is two exhibition spaces situated on either side of The Serpentine lake in London’s Kensington Gardens: the Serpentine Gallery and the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am-6pm, the Galleries offer free admission throughout the year.
The Bridge Commission is an audio series launched to coincide with the opening of the Serpentine Sackler Gallery. It explores the route between the two Galleries with a series of texts by internationally acclaimed writers. Each story is timed to last as long as it takes to walk from the Serpentine Gallery to the Serpentine Sackler Gallery.
In addition to a seasonal exhibitions programme of eight shows per year, the Serpentine presents its annual Serpentine Pavilion during the summer months, the first and most ambitious architecture programme of its kind in the world. These programmes are complemented by a series of outdoor sculpture projects, special artist commissions, digital commissions, public and educational programmes, and major outreach projects including the renowned Edgware Road Project.
The Serpentine's Pavilion commission, conceived in 2000 by Director Julia Peyton-Jones, has become an international site for architectural experimentation and has presented projects by some of the world's greatest architects. Each Pavilion is sited on the Serpentine Gallery's lawn for four months and the immediacy of the commission – taking a maximum of six months from invitation to completion – provides a unique model worldwide. The selection of the architects, chosen for consistently extending the boundaries of architecture practice, is led by the Serpentine’s core curatorial thinking, introducing contemporary artists and architects to a wider audience. The brief is to design a 300-square-metre Pavilion that is used as a café by day and a forum for learning, debate and entertainment at night.
In 2013 the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, with an extension designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, was opened to the public, giving new life to The Magazine, a Grade II* listed former gunpowder store built in 1805. Located five minutes' walk from the Serpentine Gallery across the Serpentine Bridge, it comprises 900 square metres of gallery space, restaurant, shop and social space. The Magazine Restaurant adjoins the gallery space.
he Serpentine Gallery was established in 1970 and is housed in a Grade II listed former tea pavilion built in 1933–34 by the architect James Grey West. Notable artists whose works have been exhibited there include Man Ray, Henry Moore, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Andy Warhol, Paula Rego, Bridget Riley, Allan McCollum, Anish Kapoor, Christian Boltanski, Philippe Parreno, Richard Prince, Wolfgang Tillmans, Gerhard Richter, Gustav Metzger, Damien Hirst, Jeff Koons and Marina Abramović. On the ground at the gallery's entrance is a permanent work made by Ian Hamilton Finlay in collaboration with Peter Coates, and dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales, the gallery's former patron.
Championing new ideas in contemporary art since it opened in 1970, the Serpentine has presented pioneering exhibitions of 2,263 artists over 45 years, showing a wide range of work from emerging practitioners to the most internationally recognised artists and architects of our time.
Today, the Serpentine is two exhibition spaces situated on either side of The Serpentine lake in London’s Kensington Gardens: the Serpentine Gallery and the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am-6pm, the Galleries offer free admission throughout the year.
In addition to a seasonal exhibitions programme of eight shows per year, the Serpentine presents its annual Serpentine Pavilion during the summer months, the first and most ambitious architecture programme of its kind in the world. These programmes are complemented by a series of outdoor sculpture projects, special artist commissions, digital commissions, public and educational programmes, and major outreach projects including the renowned Edgware Road Project.
The Serpentine offers innovative ways for all ages to engage with modern and contemporary art, architecture and design through its exhibitions, projects, education and public programmes.
The Serpentine is two exhibition spaces situated on either side of The Serpentine lake in London’s Kensington Gardens: the Serpentine Gallery and the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am-6pm, the Galleries offer free admission throughout the year.
The Bridge Commission is an audio series launched to coincide with the opening of the Serpentine Sackler Gallery. It explores the route between the two Galleries with a series of texts by internationally acclaimed writers. Each story is timed to last as long as it takes to walk from the Serpentine Gallery to the Serpentine Sackler Gallery.
In addition to a seasonal exhibitions programme of eight shows per year, the Serpentine presents its annual Serpentine Pavilion during the summer months, the first and most ambitious architecture programme of its kind in the world. These programmes are complemented by a series of outdoor sculpture projects, special artist commissions, digital commissions, public and educational programmes, and major outreach projects including the renowned Edgware Road Project.
The Serpentine's Pavilion commission, conceived in 2000 by Director Julia Peyton-Jones, has become an international site for architectural experimentation and has presented projects by some of the world's greatest architects. Each Pavilion is sited on the Serpentine Gallery's lawn for four months and the immediacy of the commission – taking a maximum of six months from invitation to completion – provides a unique model worldwide. The selection of the architects, chosen for consistently extending the boundaries of architecture practice, is led by the Serpentine’s core curatorial thinking, introducing contemporary artists and architects to a wider audience. The brief is to design a 300-square-metre Pavilion that is used as a café by day and a forum for learning, debate and entertainment at night.
In 2013 the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, with an extension designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, was opened to the public, giving new life to The Magazine, a Grade II* listed former gunpowder store built in 1805. Located five minutes' walk from the Serpentine Gallery across the Serpentine Bridge, it comprises 900 square metres of gallery space, restaurant, shop and social space. The Magazine Restaurant adjoins the gallery space.
Seokdang Museum of Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
The Seokdang Museum of Dong-A University is the oldest and the most highly regarded university-led museum in Busan, Republic of Korea. Established in November 1959, it houses an estimated 30,000 valuable items, making it one of the greatest collections of Korean cultural properties in Busan. We were made possible with the passion and dedication of Dr. Jae Hwan Jeong, the founder of the university, collecting the cultural properties to prevent them from being sold or leaving the country during the Korean War (1950-1953). The museum illustrates Korean history, life, and arts, from archaeological relics of the ancient period excavated by the museum staffs, to Buddhist antiquities of the Goryeo dynasty, to paintings and calligraphy of the Joseon dynasty, to architectural remains of the early modern period. Since the museum was moved to the former Government Headquarters of the Temporary Capital in May 2009, it fully utilizes this advantage for active exhibitions and social activities for the public as its primary mission.
Dong-A University Seokdang Museum houses a collection of about 30,000 valuable academic artifacts, including 2 national treasures, 11 treasures, 20 Busan City tangible cultural assets and more.
Exhibits include relics from a broad period of time and in various categories—archeological materials, art, and folk resources.
Dong-A University is a private university in Busan, South Korea. It is the only private university and one of two universities that has both medical and law school in Greater Busan, the second-largest city in South Korea.
The undergraduate and graduate academic programmes in archaeology, offered through the departments of Archaeology and Art History and the Dong-A University Museum, are the most well known in Korea.
National Treasure
National Treasure in the Republic of Korea refers to as heritage of a rare and significant value in terms of human culture and with an equivalent value to tangible cultural heritage, such as historic architecture, ancient books and documents, paintings, sculpture, handicraft, archaeological materials and armory.
Treasure
Treasure in the Republic of Korea refers to tangible cultural heritage of important value, such as historic architecture, ancient books and documents, paintings, sculpture, handicraft, archaeological materials and armory. This is regarded as a bit lower level than National Treasure beforehand.
Landscapes
The painting of landscape refers to a style of Korean painting that involves or depicts scenery or natural landscapes, literally representing mountains and rivers in the Korean peninsula. Highly influenced by the style of Chinese painting, the art style can be divided into landscape with actual scene, landscape with artistic forms, and landscape with actual scene but drawn by a brush and ink. Landscape with actual scene refers to the paintings for practice probably from the late Goryeo period to the mid-Joseon period. Next, landscape with artistic forms illustrates a combination of artists’ subjective emotions and actual views. Lastly, during the late Joseon period, landscape with the actual view had transformed the black-and-white by using a brush and ink. In so doing, this gallery covers the three kinds of paintings above drawn by excellent Joseon painters, such as Seon Jeong, Myeong-guk Kim, Yoon-kyeom Ki, Gwan-sik Byeon, etc.
Archaeology Gallery
This gallery illustrates outstanding archaeological objects from the Paleolithic era to Unified Silla period (AD 936) at the Korean peninsula: pottery, jewelry, armors, tools and weapons etc. It is interesting to note that the collection is uniquely important for the museum history because so much of it comes from documented excavations undertaken by the museum staffs from 1970s to 2000s. In so doing, the large topological series of objects above provide a unique insight into how people have lived and died near the Nakdong River.
Buddhist Art Gallery
This gallery shows the works of Korean Buddhist art collection based on its doctrine and religious belief. Buddhism, a religion that originated in India during the 2nd century B.C.E, spread eastward across much of Asia during the next thousand years. Following its strong religious and cultural presence, the Buddhist works of art, such as stupa, statue, painting and reliquary, was largely produced, due to the fact that Korean has given a local and distinctive interpretation and sensibility to the representation of the Buddhas as well as to the other images and symbols to the Buddhist art.
Dong-A University Seokdang Museum houses a collection of about 30,000 valuable academic artifacts, including 2 national treasures, 11 treasures, 20 Busan City tangible cultural assets and more.
Exhibits include relics from a broad period of time and in various categories—archeological materials, art, and folk resources.
Dong-A University is a private university in Busan, South Korea. It is the only private university and one of two universities that has both medical and law school in Greater Busan, the second-largest city in South Korea.
The undergraduate and graduate academic programmes in archaeology, offered through the departments of Archaeology and Art History and the Dong-A University Museum, are the most well known in Korea.
National Treasure
National Treasure in the Republic of Korea refers to as heritage of a rare and significant value in terms of human culture and with an equivalent value to tangible cultural heritage, such as historic architecture, ancient books and documents, paintings, sculpture, handicraft, archaeological materials and armory.
Treasure
Treasure in the Republic of Korea refers to tangible cultural heritage of important value, such as historic architecture, ancient books and documents, paintings, sculpture, handicraft, archaeological materials and armory. This is regarded as a bit lower level than National Treasure beforehand.
Landscapes
The painting of landscape refers to a style of Korean painting that involves or depicts scenery or natural landscapes, literally representing mountains and rivers in the Korean peninsula. Highly influenced by the style of Chinese painting, the art style can be divided into landscape with actual scene, landscape with artistic forms, and landscape with actual scene but drawn by a brush and ink. Landscape with actual scene refers to the paintings for practice probably from the late Goryeo period to the mid-Joseon period. Next, landscape with artistic forms illustrates a combination of artists’ subjective emotions and actual views. Lastly, during the late Joseon period, landscape with the actual view had transformed the black-and-white by using a brush and ink. In so doing, this gallery covers the three kinds of paintings above drawn by excellent Joseon painters, such as Seon Jeong, Myeong-guk Kim, Yoon-kyeom Ki, Gwan-sik Byeon, etc.
Archaeology Gallery
This gallery illustrates outstanding archaeological objects from the Paleolithic era to Unified Silla period (AD 936) at the Korean peninsula: pottery, jewelry, armors, tools and weapons etc. It is interesting to note that the collection is uniquely important for the museum history because so much of it comes from documented excavations undertaken by the museum staffs from 1970s to 2000s. In so doing, the large topological series of objects above provide a unique insight into how people have lived and died near the Nakdong River.
Buddhist Art Gallery
This gallery shows the works of Korean Buddhist art collection based on its doctrine and religious belief. Buddhism, a religion that originated in India during the 2nd century B.C.E, spread eastward across much of Asia during the next thousand years. Following its strong religious and cultural presence, the Buddhist works of art, such as stupa, statue, painting and reliquary, was largely produced, due to the fact that Korean has given a local and distinctive interpretation and sensibility to the representation of the Buddhas as well as to the other images and symbols to the Buddhist art.
Seok Juseon Memorial Museum, Dankook University, South Korea
Seok Juseon Memorial Museum will continue to create high-quality exhibitions, educational programs and researches. Such endeavors will lead us to perform an important role as a multiple cultural place. All this, as well as Seok Juseon Memorial Museum pledges to progressively take a great leap to a world-class university museum that spreads the fabulous beauty of Korean culture all over the world.
Since its opening in 1967, the museum has owned numerous relics by archaeological investigation. we excavated Silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong (National Treasure No.198) in 1978 and Goguryeo stele in Chungju(National Treasure NO. 205) in 1979, which make a great attention in the academic community. Moreover, the museum has a leading position in Korean history studies, involved in much excavation in remains Sacheon Songji-ri(1967), Inwang-dong tomb Gyeongju (1973), Jinjeonsaji(temple site)(1974~79), Gyeonghuigungji(1985~87), Yangpyeong Byeongsan-ri(1991~93).
Archeological History Arts section, Room 1 and Room 2, displays Earthen Ware, Stone Ware, Tiles, Buddhist Crafts, in addition to Weights and Measures, Wooden Furniture, Stationery and the astonishing artworks of Korean artisans. At the lobby, the reproductions of Goguryeo stele in Chungju, Silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong via fund-raising of the supporters display; besides, visitors will be welcomed by two bronze statues of the founders of Dankook university, Beom Jeong Jang Hyeong and Hyedang Cho Huijae.
Since our opening in 1967, the Seok Ju-Seon Memorial Museum of Dankook University has served its mission by excavating, collecting, preserving and exhibiting great numbers of historical collections. Thanks to the Late Dr. Nan-Sa Seok Ju-Seon’s major donation of 3365 pieces of traditional Korean costumes, the museum established its major foundation in 1981. The museum’s principal role is to work as a multi-functional cultural institution through exhibitions, education, and research. We will continue our dedication not only as a University Museum but an institution with an international role so we can place our collections of Korean culture and beauty.
Since our opening of the Central Museum in celebration of the 20th anniversary of Dankook University in 1967, Seok Juseon Memorial Museum has made efforts to excavate and disseminate the Korean history and culture. Conducting annual research from its foundation, the museum have investigated a numbers of cultural properties. It includes silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong(National Treasure No.198) and Goguryeo stele in Chungju(National Treasure No.205), which were respectively excavated in 1978 and 1979. In addition, we were involved in much excavation in GuPyeongni, Mongchontoseong, Yangyang Jinjeonsaji. Those works made huge contributions to Korean history studies.
In 1981, the major donation by the Late Dr. Nan-Sa Seok Ju-seon of 3,365 pieces of her lifelong collections prompted the establishment of Seok Juseon Memorial Folk Museum. The folk museum built such outstanding prestige in Korean traditional costume studies by organizing the donated works as well as researching materials about children’s and excavated costumes.
In March 1999, the Central Museum and Seok Juseon Memorial Folk Museum were combined to a new organization, Seok Juseon Memorial Museum. This new museum expansively covered ancient art and traditional costume, which consolidated its position as a comprehensive museum. Now, we have more than 40,000 objects including 100 pieces(from 11 main excavations) designated Important Folklore Material such as An chung-gun’s Calligraphy(Treasure 569-21), Dang-ui(Ceremonial Jacket) of Princess Deok-on(Important Folklore Material No.1)
Seok Juseon Memorial Museum has the five exhibition rooms for proper presentation and the state-of-the-art storage rooms with the automatic thermohygrostat and extinguishing systems for safe preservation of the artworks. It is highly recognized as the best facilities for a University Museum. Recently, the museum strives for social education and cultural diffusion, providing our collection database, children’s fashion shows and educational programs for communication with local societies. Besides we focus on promoting the excellence of Korean culture to other countries, linked to Google Korea.
Since its opening in 1967, the museum has owned numerous relics by archaeological investigation. we excavated Silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong (National Treasure No.198) in 1978 and Goguryeo stele in Chungju(National Treasure NO. 205) in 1979, which make a great attention in the academic community. Moreover, the museum has a leading position in Korean history studies, involved in much excavation in remains Sacheon Songji-ri(1967), Inwang-dong tomb Gyeongju (1973), Jinjeonsaji(temple site)(1974~79), Gyeonghuigungji(1985~87), Yangpyeong Byeongsan-ri(1991~93).
Archeological History Arts section, Room 1 and Room 2, displays Earthen Ware, Stone Ware, Tiles, Buddhist Crafts, in addition to Weights and Measures, Wooden Furniture, Stationery and the astonishing artworks of Korean artisans. At the lobby, the reproductions of Goguryeo stele in Chungju, Silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong via fund-raising of the supporters display; besides, visitors will be welcomed by two bronze statues of the founders of Dankook university, Beom Jeong Jang Hyeong and Hyedang Cho Huijae.
Since our opening in 1967, the Seok Ju-Seon Memorial Museum of Dankook University has served its mission by excavating, collecting, preserving and exhibiting great numbers of historical collections. Thanks to the Late Dr. Nan-Sa Seok Ju-Seon’s major donation of 3365 pieces of traditional Korean costumes, the museum established its major foundation in 1981. The museum’s principal role is to work as a multi-functional cultural institution through exhibitions, education, and research. We will continue our dedication not only as a University Museum but an institution with an international role so we can place our collections of Korean culture and beauty.
Since our opening of the Central Museum in celebration of the 20th anniversary of Dankook University in 1967, Seok Juseon Memorial Museum has made efforts to excavate and disseminate the Korean history and culture. Conducting annual research from its foundation, the museum have investigated a numbers of cultural properties. It includes silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong(National Treasure No.198) and Goguryeo stele in Chungju(National Treasure No.205), which were respectively excavated in 1978 and 1979. In addition, we were involved in much excavation in GuPyeongni, Mongchontoseong, Yangyang Jinjeonsaji. Those works made huge contributions to Korean history studies.
In 1981, the major donation by the Late Dr. Nan-Sa Seok Ju-seon of 3,365 pieces of her lifelong collections prompted the establishment of Seok Juseon Memorial Folk Museum. The folk museum built such outstanding prestige in Korean traditional costume studies by organizing the donated works as well as researching materials about children’s and excavated costumes.
In March 1999, the Central Museum and Seok Juseon Memorial Folk Museum were combined to a new organization, Seok Juseon Memorial Museum. This new museum expansively covered ancient art and traditional costume, which consolidated its position as a comprehensive museum. Now, we have more than 40,000 objects including 100 pieces(from 11 main excavations) designated Important Folklore Material such as An chung-gun’s Calligraphy(Treasure 569-21), Dang-ui(Ceremonial Jacket) of Princess Deok-on(Important Folklore Material No.1)
Seok Juseon Memorial Museum has the five exhibition rooms for proper presentation and the state-of-the-art storage rooms with the automatic thermohygrostat and extinguishing systems for safe preservation of the artworks. It is highly recognized as the best facilities for a University Museum. Recently, the museum strives for social education and cultural diffusion, providing our collection database, children’s fashion shows and educational programs for communication with local societies. Besides we focus on promoting the excellence of Korean culture to other countries, linked to Google Korea.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History, Seoul, South Korea
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is a first public museum of natural history in South Korea, located in a metropolitan area, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul. It is founded in 2003 and operated by Seodaemun-gu Administration. The purpose of the foundation is to preserve, to study and to exhibit geological and biological records about the local environment.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is the first museum in Korea to be established not by a school or an individual, but by local government.
The role of Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is to preserve and research geological and biological facts from the local environment and share information with the public. The museum also has a mission to show that humans are a part of nature, and we can live in harmony with nature. Unlike other developed countries, Korea did not have a natural history museum operated by a public agency.Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is recognized as the first museum in Korea to be established by a public institution.
It has the following characteristics :
Exhibitions are arranged in sequential order of time and space following the historical flow so that natural history will be easily understood and memorable.
Exhibits are designed to be fun and interesting and include a stereoscopic diorama exhibition.
The museum produces educational videos and develops programs designed to enhance the museum experience.
This is a venue for living education.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History, located in the heart of Seoul, is a place of learning for students, a place of culture for residents, and a place of leisure for families. We aim to provide an opportunity for city dwellers to experience animals and plants, and to help people learn to appreciate and love nature.
Rapid industrialization in Korea has destroyed and polluted the nature and environment, leading to the extinction of many living creatures. There has been an urgent need for an establishment that would collect, preserve and exhibit our natural property. Thus, the Seodaemun District Office decided to establish a comprehensive natural history museum as a part of its local development strategy to develop Seodaemun as a center o education and culture as well as to satisfy the citizen's cultural needs. After 6 years of planning and construction, the museum opened on July 10th, 2003.
Compared with this, the age of our humanity, Homo sapiens, two hundred thousand years old, is only a fleeting moment.
However, our humanity is the only living creature studies history of the Earth, the universe and the life and exhibits them.Lee Kang-hwan
We, humanity, are precious for the life, the Earth and the universe.
Natural History is literally a study of history of nature and the most important part of the natural history is the history of life. Expressed in other words, the history of life is the history of the 'extinction'. The word ‘extinction’ may sound terrifying and sad, but in fact, older creatures steeping aside so that new life can emerge is a natural phenomena, which gave rise to our humanity.
All life becomes extinct. Trilobites that ruled the Paleozoic oceans for 300 million years became extinct and dinosaurs that dominated the Mesozoic land for 160 million years naturally became extinct. We have to learn about this extinction from natural history; why the creatures that led glorious lives went extinct.
Until now, there were five large extinctions that took place. The crucial reason for extinction were change of climate and environment. Now, the sixth extinction is in progress. Global warming is something to worry about, but it is hardly the cause of extinction. The current era where the sixth extinction is taking place is called ‘Anthropocene’. It is not the climate or the environment but it is the humanity that is the cause for the extinction.
For sustainable existence of humanity, the most valuable thing on earth, we must put our wisdom together to live in harmony with other creatures that make up our ecosystem. Museum of natural history is the venue for learning and contemplating such wisdom.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is the oldest and the most comprehensive public natural history museums in the country. It is also considered to have the best exhibitions and education programs in Asia. Please join us and let’s put our wisdom together in contemplating about the future of nature and humanity at Seodaemun Museum of Natural History.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is the first museum in Korea to be established not by a school or an individual, but by local government.
The role of Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is to preserve and research geological and biological facts from the local environment and share information with the public. The museum also has a mission to show that humans are a part of nature, and we can live in harmony with nature. Unlike other developed countries, Korea did not have a natural history museum operated by a public agency.Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is recognized as the first museum in Korea to be established by a public institution.
It has the following characteristics :
Exhibitions are arranged in sequential order of time and space following the historical flow so that natural history will be easily understood and memorable.
Exhibits are designed to be fun and interesting and include a stereoscopic diorama exhibition.
The museum produces educational videos and develops programs designed to enhance the museum experience.
This is a venue for living education.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History, located in the heart of Seoul, is a place of learning for students, a place of culture for residents, and a place of leisure for families. We aim to provide an opportunity for city dwellers to experience animals and plants, and to help people learn to appreciate and love nature.
Rapid industrialization in Korea has destroyed and polluted the nature and environment, leading to the extinction of many living creatures. There has been an urgent need for an establishment that would collect, preserve and exhibit our natural property. Thus, the Seodaemun District Office decided to establish a comprehensive natural history museum as a part of its local development strategy to develop Seodaemun as a center o education and culture as well as to satisfy the citizen's cultural needs. After 6 years of planning and construction, the museum opened on July 10th, 2003.
Compared with this, the age of our humanity, Homo sapiens, two hundred thousand years old, is only a fleeting moment.
However, our humanity is the only living creature studies history of the Earth, the universe and the life and exhibits them.Lee Kang-hwan
We, humanity, are precious for the life, the Earth and the universe.
Natural History is literally a study of history of nature and the most important part of the natural history is the history of life. Expressed in other words, the history of life is the history of the 'extinction'. The word ‘extinction’ may sound terrifying and sad, but in fact, older creatures steeping aside so that new life can emerge is a natural phenomena, which gave rise to our humanity.
All life becomes extinct. Trilobites that ruled the Paleozoic oceans for 300 million years became extinct and dinosaurs that dominated the Mesozoic land for 160 million years naturally became extinct. We have to learn about this extinction from natural history; why the creatures that led glorious lives went extinct.
Until now, there were five large extinctions that took place. The crucial reason for extinction were change of climate and environment. Now, the sixth extinction is in progress. Global warming is something to worry about, but it is hardly the cause of extinction. The current era where the sixth extinction is taking place is called ‘Anthropocene’. It is not the climate or the environment but it is the humanity that is the cause for the extinction.
For sustainable existence of humanity, the most valuable thing on earth, we must put our wisdom together to live in harmony with other creatures that make up our ecosystem. Museum of natural history is the venue for learning and contemplating such wisdom.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is the oldest and the most comprehensive public natural history museums in the country. It is also considered to have the best exhibitions and education programs in Asia. Please join us and let’s put our wisdom together in contemplating about the future of nature and humanity at Seodaemun Museum of Natural History.
Senckenberg Nature Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
The Senckenberg Nature Museum in Frankfurt is one of the largest natural history museums in Germany and shows the variety of life today and the evolution of creatures and transformation of our earth over millions of years. Exhibitions and museums are the showcase of natural science, through which Senckenberg shares the latest scientific findings with people and provides an insight into bygone eras. In an area covering 6,000 square metres, visitors can expect to see several thousand exhibits, some of them unique worldwide. In addition to the amazing diversity of flora and fauna today, visitors can discover the vastness of space and travel through times long ago – from the Big Bang to the formation of our planet. Every exhibit has its own little story to tell and gives an impression of the time and environment from which it comes. Dinosaurs, enormous whales and elephants, countless beetles, fish and colourful birds – with its rare and often spectacular exhibits, Senckenberg conveys to the public research and research results from every field of biology, palaeontology and geology.
Highlights of the permanent exhibitions are, for example, the original skeleton of a Diplodocus (a gift from Morris Ketchum Jesup, a former president of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for the inauguration of the new museum building in 1907) or the fossilised mummy of an Edmontosaurus from Wyoming with preserved skin casts.
The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt Am Main is the second largest museum of natural history in Germany. It is particularly popular with children, who enjoy the extensive collection of dinosaur fossils: Senckenberg boasts the largest exhibition of large dinosaurs in Europe. One particular treasure is a dinosaur fossil with unique, preserved scaled skin. The museum contains the world's largest and most diverse collection of stuffed birds with about 2000 specimens. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum.
The building housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914. The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society, which began with an endowment by Johann Christian Senckenberg.
Today, visitors are greeted outside the building by large, life-size recreations of dinosaurs, which are based on the latest scientific theories on dinosaur appearance. Inside, one can follow the tracks of a Titanosaurus, which have been impressed into the floor, towards its impressive skeleton on a sheltered patio.
Attractions include a Diplodocus (donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration in 1907), the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus, a fossilized Psittacosaurus with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents, and an Oviraptor. Big public attractions also include the Tyrannosaurus rex, an original of an Iguanodon, and the museum's mascot, the Triceratops.
Although the dinosaurs attract the most visitors due to their size, the Senckenberg Museum also has a large collection of animal exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history. For example, the museum houses a large number of originals from the Messel pit: field mice, reptiles, fish and a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm tall.
Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy, an almost complete skeleton of the upright hominid Australopithecus afarensis. Historical cabinets full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.
Since the remodeling finished in 2003, the new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation. An accessible rain forest tree offers views of different zones of the rain forest from the ground to the tree canopy and the habitats to which the exotic reptiles have adapted.
The Senckenberg Museum offers regular evening lectures and tours.
Highlights of the permanent exhibitions are, for example, the original skeleton of a Diplodocus (a gift from Morris Ketchum Jesup, a former president of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for the inauguration of the new museum building in 1907) or the fossilised mummy of an Edmontosaurus from Wyoming with preserved skin casts.
The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt Am Main is the second largest museum of natural history in Germany. It is particularly popular with children, who enjoy the extensive collection of dinosaur fossils: Senckenberg boasts the largest exhibition of large dinosaurs in Europe. One particular treasure is a dinosaur fossil with unique, preserved scaled skin. The museum contains the world's largest and most diverse collection of stuffed birds with about 2000 specimens. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum.
The building housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914. The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society, which began with an endowment by Johann Christian Senckenberg.
Today, visitors are greeted outside the building by large, life-size recreations of dinosaurs, which are based on the latest scientific theories on dinosaur appearance. Inside, one can follow the tracks of a Titanosaurus, which have been impressed into the floor, towards its impressive skeleton on a sheltered patio.
Attractions include a Diplodocus (donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration in 1907), the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus, a fossilized Psittacosaurus with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents, and an Oviraptor. Big public attractions also include the Tyrannosaurus rex, an original of an Iguanodon, and the museum's mascot, the Triceratops.
Although the dinosaurs attract the most visitors due to their size, the Senckenberg Museum also has a large collection of animal exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history. For example, the museum houses a large number of originals from the Messel pit: field mice, reptiles, fish and a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm tall.
Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy, an almost complete skeleton of the upright hominid Australopithecus afarensis. Historical cabinets full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.
Since the remodeling finished in 2003, the new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation. An accessible rain forest tree offers views of different zones of the rain forest from the ground to the tree canopy and the habitats to which the exotic reptiles have adapted.
The Senckenberg Museum offers regular evening lectures and tours.
Sanskriti Museums, New Delhi, India
Sanskriti Museums are a set of three museums namely, Museum of ‘Everyday Art’, Museum of Indian Terracotta (tribal art) and Textile Museum It is housed within Sanskriti Kendra complex, at Anandagram, an artist village complex, spread over eight acres, situated 10 km south of New Delhi, near Aya Nagar on Mehrauli–Gurgaon Road, on the outskirts of Delhi The nearest Delhi Metro station is Arjan Garh, on the Yellow Line
Sanskriti Pratishthan, a registered Public Charitable Trust, was founded in 1978 The activities are guided by a Board of Trustees Sanskriti literally means ‘process of cultivating’ The Pratishthan has been continuously working towards creating an environment for the preservation and development of artistic and cultural resources in India Since Sanskriti sees culture as an intrinsic part of everyday life, the Pratishthan views its role as that of a catalyst in revitalizing the artistic and aesthetic sensitivities of the Indian people As such Sanskriti Pratishthan is dedicated to development of key elements of India’s cultural heritage that are disappearing day by day and presenting them to diverse local and international audiences To attain these goals, the Pratishthan has established an international artist residency programme, set up workshops for training in ceramics, enamelling and block-printing Moreover, the Pratishthan has created on its campus the below mentioned three museums:
•The Museum of Everyday Art
•The Museum of Indian Terracotta Art
•The Museum of Indian Textile Traditions
All three museums have one common objective namely collecting, preserving and documenting those objects of Indian arts and crafts which have been a part of everyday life and which were marked by a unique feature of cultural rootedness and an appropriate form and design The collections of these museums constitute the raw material for reconstructing the history of Indian design in Indian life Here tradition and contemporaneity are not seen as two separate categories, but as a continuum, one mutating into the other
Sanskriti Pratishthan or Sanskriti Foundation is a non-profit culture and arts promotion organisation in Delhi set up in 1979, with O P Jain, L M Singhvi, Dr A M Singhvi and Sudarshan Agarwal as trustees In the early years, it was largely privately funded by its members, later on it was received government funding, and from organisations like Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), and the Ford Foundation, and recently from the corporate sector The construction of present Kendra premises began in 1989 Today the foundation also runs artist-in-residence programs here, and workshop for scholars, artists and craftsmen, plus it has residential studios, a library, an amphitheatre and an art gallery
As its first project, the foundation instituted the 'Sanskriti Awards' in 1979, given to promising young talent in the group of 20–35 years, in five major fields, Literature, the Arts, Music, Dance, Theatre, Journalism and Social/Cultural Achievement Next the Museum of Everyday Art established in 1984 contains items of everyday use The foundation also runs 'Sanskriti Yatra' workshops on cultural awareness for school children Its three- month resideny programs is run residency programme in collaboration with UNESCO, Asia Link and the Fulbright Fellowships Program Museumologist Jyotindra Jain is trustee and Director of the Foundation
'Museum of Indian Terracotta':
This Museum has over 1,500 objects of terracotta art, sculptures and figurines from the tribal areas of India, displayed in the backdrop of the respective tribal arts
Museum of ‘Everyday Art’:
It houses a collection of what is called "Everyday Arts", where artisans turn the functional everyday household object like toys, nutcrackers, cups, saucers, spoons, and home shrines, articles of worship, into the works of art
Textile Museum:
A showcase of the best of, and the most diverse of Indian textile heritage
Museums are open from 10 AM to 5 PM on all days except Mondays and Public Holidays
Sanskriti Pratishthan, a registered Public Charitable Trust, was founded in 1978 The activities are guided by a Board of Trustees Sanskriti literally means ‘process of cultivating’ The Pratishthan has been continuously working towards creating an environment for the preservation and development of artistic and cultural resources in India Since Sanskriti sees culture as an intrinsic part of everyday life, the Pratishthan views its role as that of a catalyst in revitalizing the artistic and aesthetic sensitivities of the Indian people As such Sanskriti Pratishthan is dedicated to development of key elements of India’s cultural heritage that are disappearing day by day and presenting them to diverse local and international audiences To attain these goals, the Pratishthan has established an international artist residency programme, set up workshops for training in ceramics, enamelling and block-printing Moreover, the Pratishthan has created on its campus the below mentioned three museums:
•The Museum of Everyday Art
•The Museum of Indian Terracotta Art
•The Museum of Indian Textile Traditions
All three museums have one common objective namely collecting, preserving and documenting those objects of Indian arts and crafts which have been a part of everyday life and which were marked by a unique feature of cultural rootedness and an appropriate form and design The collections of these museums constitute the raw material for reconstructing the history of Indian design in Indian life Here tradition and contemporaneity are not seen as two separate categories, but as a continuum, one mutating into the other
Sanskriti Pratishthan or Sanskriti Foundation is a non-profit culture and arts promotion organisation in Delhi set up in 1979, with O P Jain, L M Singhvi, Dr A M Singhvi and Sudarshan Agarwal as trustees In the early years, it was largely privately funded by its members, later on it was received government funding, and from organisations like Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), and the Ford Foundation, and recently from the corporate sector The construction of present Kendra premises began in 1989 Today the foundation also runs artist-in-residence programs here, and workshop for scholars, artists and craftsmen, plus it has residential studios, a library, an amphitheatre and an art gallery
As its first project, the foundation instituted the 'Sanskriti Awards' in 1979, given to promising young talent in the group of 20–35 years, in five major fields, Literature, the Arts, Music, Dance, Theatre, Journalism and Social/Cultural Achievement Next the Museum of Everyday Art established in 1984 contains items of everyday use The foundation also runs 'Sanskriti Yatra' workshops on cultural awareness for school children Its three- month resideny programs is run residency programme in collaboration with UNESCO, Asia Link and the Fulbright Fellowships Program Museumologist Jyotindra Jain is trustee and Director of the Foundation
'Museum of Indian Terracotta':
This Museum has over 1,500 objects of terracotta art, sculptures and figurines from the tribal areas of India, displayed in the backdrop of the respective tribal arts
Museum of ‘Everyday Art’:
It houses a collection of what is called "Everyday Arts", where artisans turn the functional everyday household object like toys, nutcrackers, cups, saucers, spoons, and home shrines, articles of worship, into the works of art
Textile Museum:
A showcase of the best of, and the most diverse of Indian textile heritage
Museums are open from 10 AM to 5 PM on all days except Mondays and Public Holidays
Pink color in culture
Pink is a pale red color that is named after a flower of the same name. It was first used as a color name in the late 17th century. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most often associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, childhood, femininity and the romantic. It is associated with chastity and innocence when combined with white, but associated with eroticism and seduction when combined with purple or black.
Pink in symbolism and world culture
Common associations and popularity
According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, softness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic. Although it did not have any strong negative associations in these surveys, few respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink was the favorite color of only two-percent of respondents, compared with forty-five-percent who chose blue. Pink was the least-favorite color of seventeen percent of respondents; the only color more disliked was brown, with twenty percent. There was a notable difference between men and women; three percent of women chose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to even identify pink correctly, confusing it with mauve. Pink was also more popular with older people than younger; twenty-five percent of women under twenty-five called pink their least favorite color, compared with only eight percent of women over fifty. Twenty-nine percent of men under the age of twenty-five said pink was their least favorite color, compared with eight percent of men over fifty.
In Japan, pink is the color most commonly associated with springtime due to the blooming cherry blossoms. This is different from surveys in the United States and Europe where green is the color most associated with springtime.
Pink in other languages
In many languages, the word for color pink is based on the name of the rose flower; like rose in French; roze in Dutch; rosa in German, Latin, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Swedish and Norwegian (Nynorsk and Bokmål); rozoviy in Russian; różowy in Polish; and گلابی gulabi in Urdu (and in English 'rose', too, often refers to both the flower and the color).
In Danish, Faroese and Finnish, the color pink is described as a lighter shade of red: lyserød in Danish, ljósareyður in Faroese and vaaleanpunainen in Finnish, all meaning "light red". In Icelandic, the color is called bleikur, originally meaning "pale".
In the Japanese language, the traditional word for pink, momo-iro (ももいろ), takes its name from the peach blossom. There is a separate word for the color of the cherry blossom: sakura-iro. In recent times a word based on the English version, pinku (ピンク), has begun to be used.
In Chinese, the color pink is named with a compound noun 粉紅色, meaning "powder red" where the powder refers to substances used for women's make-up.
Idioms and expressions
In the pink. To be in top form, in good health, in good condition. In Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio says; "I am the very pink of courtesy." Romeo: Pink for flower? Mercutio: Right. Romeo: Then my pump is well flowered."
To see pink elephants means to hallucinate from alcoholism. The expression was used by American novelist Jack London in his book John Barleycorn in 1913.
Pink slip. To be given a pink slip means to be fired or dismissed from a job. It was first recorded in 1915 in the United States.
The phrase "pink-collar worker" refers to persons working in jobs conventionally regarded as "women's work."
Pink money, the pink pound or pink dollar is an economic term which refers to the spending power of the LGBT community. Advertising agencies sometimes call the gay market the pink economy.
Tickled pink means extremely pleased.
Architecture
Early pink buildings were usually built of brick or sandstone, which takes its pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - pink mansions and churches were built all across Europe. More modern pink buildings usually use the color pink to appear exotic or to attract attention.
Food and beverages
According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses. Many strawberry and raspberry-flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them from cherry-flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red (although raspberry-flavored foods, particularly in the United States, are often colored blue as well). The drink Tab was packaged in pink cans, presumably to subconsciously convey a sweet taste.
The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificial food coloring. The most common pink food coloring is erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, an organoiodine compound, a derivative of fluorone, which is a cherry-pink synthetic. It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) is Allura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring, Cochineal, also called carmine, made with crushed insects of the family Dactylopius coccus.
Gender
In Europe and the United States, pink is often associated with girls, while blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used as gender signifiers just prior to World War I (for either girls or boys), and pink was first established as a female gender signifier in the 1940s. In the 20th century, the practice in Europe varied from country to country, with some assigning colors based on the baby's complexion, and others assigning pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls.
Many have noted the contrary association of pink with boys in 20th-century America. An article in the trade publication Earnshaw's Infants' Department in June 1918 said:
The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.
One reason for the increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys was the invention of new chemical dyes, which meant that children's clothing could be mass-produced and washed in hot water without fading. Prior to this time, most small children of both sexes wore white, which could be frequently washed. Another factor was the popularity of blue and white sailor suits for young boys, a fashion that started in the late 19th century. Blue was also the usual color of school uniforms, for boys and girls. Blue was associated with seriousness and study, while pink was associated with childhood and softness.
By the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity but to an extent that was "neither rigid nor universal" as it later became.
One study by two neuroscientists in Current Biology examined color preferences across cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups favored blues over other hues, but women had more favorable responses to the reddish-purple range of the spectrum and men had more favorable responses to the greenish-yellow middle of the spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults, and both groups preferred blues, and responses to the color pink were never even tested, the popular press represented the research as an indication of an innate preference by girls for pink. The misreading has been often repeated in market research, reinforcing American culture's association of pink with girls on the basis of imagined innate characteristics.
Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves. In its 1957 catalog, Lionel Trains offered for sale a pink model freight train for girls. The steam locomotive and coal car were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were various pastel colors. The caboose was baby blue. It was a marketing failure because any girl who might want a model train would want a realistically colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector's item.
As of 2008 various feminist groups and the Breast Cancer Awareness Month use the color pink to convey empowerment of women. Breast cancer charities around the world have used the color to symbolize support for people with breast cancer and promote awareness of the disease. A key tactic of these charities is encouraging women and men to wear pink to show their support for breast cancer awareness and research.
Pink has symbolized a "welcome embrace" in India and masculinity in Japan.
Sexuality
As noted above, pink combined with black or violet is commonly associated with eroticism and seduction.
In street slang, the pink sometimes refers to the vagina.
In Russian, pink (розовый, rozovyj) is used to refer to lesbians, and light blue (голубой, goluboj) refers to gay men.
In Japan, a genre of low budget, erotic cinema is referred to as Pink films (ピンク映画 Pinku Eiga).
Politics
Pink, being a 'watered-down' red, is sometimes used in a derogatory way to describe a person with mild communist or socialist beliefs (see Pinko).
The term little pink (小粉红) is used to describe the young nationalists on the internet in China.
The term pink revolution is sometimes used to refer to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his government in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of February 27 and of March 13, 2005, although it is more commonly called the Tulip Revolution.
The Swedish feminist party Feminist Initiative uses pink as their color.
Code Pink is an American women's anti-globalization and anti-war group founded in 2002 by activist Medea Benjamin. The group has disrupted Congressional hearings and heckled President Obama at his public speeches.
It was a common practice to color British Empire pink on maps.
Social movements
Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is called nl.roze (roze being the Dutch word for pink), while in Britain, Pink News is a gay newspaper and online news service. There is a magazine called Pink for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community which has different editions for various metropolitan areas. In France Pink TV is an LGBT cable channel.
In Ireland, Support group for Irish Pink Adoptions defines a pink family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for the single gay men, single lesbians, or same-gender couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have adopted. It also covers adults born/raised in such families. The group welcome the input of other people touched by adoption, especially people who were adopted as children and are now adults.
Pinkstinks, a campaign founded in London in May 2008 to raise awareness of what they claim is the damage caused by gender stereotyping of children.
The Pink Pistols is a gay gun rights organization.
The pink ribbon is the international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity.
Academic dress
In the French academic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in the academic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Redcurrant, an extremely red shade of pink, is the distinctive color for Medicine (and other health-related fields) fr:Groseille (couleur).
Heraldry
The word pink is not used for any tincture (color) in heraldry, but there are two fairly uncommon tinctures which are both close to pink:
The heraldic color of rose is a modern innovation, mostly used in Canadian heraldry, depicting a reddish pink color like the shade usually called rose.
In French heraldry, the color carnation is sometimes used, corresponding to the skin color of a light skinned Caucasian human. This can also be seen as a pink shade but is usually depicted slightly more brownish beige than the rose tincture.
Calendars
In Thailand, pink is associated with Tuesday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear pink on Tuesdays, and anyone born on a Tuesday may adopt pink as their color.
The press
Pink is used for the newsprint paper of several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the color is also connected with the press aimed at the gay community.
Since 1893 the London Financial Times newspaper has used a distinctive salmon pink color for its newsprint, originally because pink dyed paper was less expensive than bleached white paper. Today the color is used to distinguish the newspaper from competitors on a press kiosk or news stand. In some countries, the salmon press identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers. Some sports newspapers, such as La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy, also use pink paper to stand out from other newspapers. It awards a pink jersey to the winner of Italy's most important bicycle race, the Giro d'Italia.
Law
In England and Wales, a brief delivered to a barrister by a solicitor is usually tied with pink ribbon. Pink was traditionally the color associated with the defense, while white ribbons may have been used for the prosecution.
Literature
In Spanish and Italian, a "pink novel" (novela rosa in Spanish, romanzo rosa in Italian) is a sentimental novel marketed to women.
In Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, Faith is wearing a pink ribbon in her hair which represents her innocence.
Carl Surely's short story "Dinsdale's Pink" is a coming of age tale of a young man growing up in Berlin in the 1930s, dealing with issues of gender, sexuality and politics.
Religion
In the Yogic Hindu, Shaktic Hindu and Tantric Buddhist traditions rose is one of the colors of the fourth primary energy center, the heart chakra Anahata. The other color is green.
In Catholicism, pink (called rose by the Catholic Church) symbolizes joy and happiness. It is used for the Third Sunday of Advent and the Fourth Sunday of Lent to mark the halfway point in these seasons of penance. For this reason, one of the candles in an Advent wreath may be pink, rather than purple.
Pink is the color most associated with Indian spiritual leader Meher Baba, who often wore pink coats to please his closest female follower, Mehera Irani, and today pink remains an important color, symbolizing love, to Baba's followers.
Sports
In Major League Baseball, pink bats are used by baseball players on Mother's Day as part of a week-long program to benefit Susan G. Komen for the Cure.
Pink can mean the scarlet coat worn in fox hunting (a.k.a. "riding to hounds"). One legend about the origin of this meaning refers to a tailor named Pink (or Pinke, or Pinque).
The leader in the Giro d'Italia cycle race wears a pink jersey (maglia rosa); this reflects the distinctive pink-colored newsprint of the sponsoring Italian La Gazzetta dello Sport newspaper.
The University of Iowa's Kinnick Stadium visitors' locker room is painted pink. The decor has sparked controversy, perceived by some people as suggesting sexism and homophobia.
Palermo, a soccer team based in Palermo, Italy, traditionally wears pink home jerseys.
WWE Hall of Famer Bret Hart, as well as other members of the Hart wrestling family, is known for his pink and black wrestling attire.
The Western Hockey League team Calgary Hitmen originally wore pink as a tribute to the aforementioned Bret Hart, who was a part team owner at the time.
The Penrith Panthers of the NRL, wear a pink away jersey.
Snooker uses a pink coloured object ball that is worth 6pts when legally potted.
Source From Wikipedia
Pink in symbolism and world culture
Common associations and popularity
According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, softness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic. Although it did not have any strong negative associations in these surveys, few respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink was the favorite color of only two-percent of respondents, compared with forty-five-percent who chose blue. Pink was the least-favorite color of seventeen percent of respondents; the only color more disliked was brown, with twenty percent. There was a notable difference between men and women; three percent of women chose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to even identify pink correctly, confusing it with mauve. Pink was also more popular with older people than younger; twenty-five percent of women under twenty-five called pink their least favorite color, compared with only eight percent of women over fifty. Twenty-nine percent of men under the age of twenty-five said pink was their least favorite color, compared with eight percent of men over fifty.
In Japan, pink is the color most commonly associated with springtime due to the blooming cherry blossoms. This is different from surveys in the United States and Europe where green is the color most associated with springtime.
Pink in other languages
In many languages, the word for color pink is based on the name of the rose flower; like rose in French; roze in Dutch; rosa in German, Latin, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Swedish and Norwegian (Nynorsk and Bokmål); rozoviy in Russian; różowy in Polish; and گلابی gulabi in Urdu (and in English 'rose', too, often refers to both the flower and the color).
In Danish, Faroese and Finnish, the color pink is described as a lighter shade of red: lyserød in Danish, ljósareyður in Faroese and vaaleanpunainen in Finnish, all meaning "light red". In Icelandic, the color is called bleikur, originally meaning "pale".
In the Japanese language, the traditional word for pink, momo-iro (ももいろ), takes its name from the peach blossom. There is a separate word for the color of the cherry blossom: sakura-iro. In recent times a word based on the English version, pinku (ピンク), has begun to be used.
In Chinese, the color pink is named with a compound noun 粉紅色, meaning "powder red" where the powder refers to substances used for women's make-up.
Idioms and expressions
In the pink. To be in top form, in good health, in good condition. In Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio says; "I am the very pink of courtesy." Romeo: Pink for flower? Mercutio: Right. Romeo: Then my pump is well flowered."
To see pink elephants means to hallucinate from alcoholism. The expression was used by American novelist Jack London in his book John Barleycorn in 1913.
Pink slip. To be given a pink slip means to be fired or dismissed from a job. It was first recorded in 1915 in the United States.
The phrase "pink-collar worker" refers to persons working in jobs conventionally regarded as "women's work."
Pink money, the pink pound or pink dollar is an economic term which refers to the spending power of the LGBT community. Advertising agencies sometimes call the gay market the pink economy.
Tickled pink means extremely pleased.
Architecture
Early pink buildings were usually built of brick or sandstone, which takes its pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - pink mansions and churches were built all across Europe. More modern pink buildings usually use the color pink to appear exotic or to attract attention.
Food and beverages
According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses. Many strawberry and raspberry-flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them from cherry-flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red (although raspberry-flavored foods, particularly in the United States, are often colored blue as well). The drink Tab was packaged in pink cans, presumably to subconsciously convey a sweet taste.
The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificial food coloring. The most common pink food coloring is erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, an organoiodine compound, a derivative of fluorone, which is a cherry-pink synthetic. It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) is Allura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring, Cochineal, also called carmine, made with crushed insects of the family Dactylopius coccus.
Gender
In Europe and the United States, pink is often associated with girls, while blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used as gender signifiers just prior to World War I (for either girls or boys), and pink was first established as a female gender signifier in the 1940s. In the 20th century, the practice in Europe varied from country to country, with some assigning colors based on the baby's complexion, and others assigning pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls.
Many have noted the contrary association of pink with boys in 20th-century America. An article in the trade publication Earnshaw's Infants' Department in June 1918 said:
The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.
One reason for the increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys was the invention of new chemical dyes, which meant that children's clothing could be mass-produced and washed in hot water without fading. Prior to this time, most small children of both sexes wore white, which could be frequently washed. Another factor was the popularity of blue and white sailor suits for young boys, a fashion that started in the late 19th century. Blue was also the usual color of school uniforms, for boys and girls. Blue was associated with seriousness and study, while pink was associated with childhood and softness.
By the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity but to an extent that was "neither rigid nor universal" as it later became.
One study by two neuroscientists in Current Biology examined color preferences across cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups favored blues over other hues, but women had more favorable responses to the reddish-purple range of the spectrum and men had more favorable responses to the greenish-yellow middle of the spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults, and both groups preferred blues, and responses to the color pink were never even tested, the popular press represented the research as an indication of an innate preference by girls for pink. The misreading has been often repeated in market research, reinforcing American culture's association of pink with girls on the basis of imagined innate characteristics.
Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves. In its 1957 catalog, Lionel Trains offered for sale a pink model freight train for girls. The steam locomotive and coal car were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were various pastel colors. The caboose was baby blue. It was a marketing failure because any girl who might want a model train would want a realistically colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector's item.
As of 2008 various feminist groups and the Breast Cancer Awareness Month use the color pink to convey empowerment of women. Breast cancer charities around the world have used the color to symbolize support for people with breast cancer and promote awareness of the disease. A key tactic of these charities is encouraging women and men to wear pink to show their support for breast cancer awareness and research.
Pink has symbolized a "welcome embrace" in India and masculinity in Japan.
Sexuality
As noted above, pink combined with black or violet is commonly associated with eroticism and seduction.
In street slang, the pink sometimes refers to the vagina.
In Russian, pink (розовый, rozovyj) is used to refer to lesbians, and light blue (голубой, goluboj) refers to gay men.
In Japan, a genre of low budget, erotic cinema is referred to as Pink films (ピンク映画 Pinku Eiga).
Politics
Pink, being a 'watered-down' red, is sometimes used in a derogatory way to describe a person with mild communist or socialist beliefs (see Pinko).
The term little pink (小粉红) is used to describe the young nationalists on the internet in China.
The term pink revolution is sometimes used to refer to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his government in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of February 27 and of March 13, 2005, although it is more commonly called the Tulip Revolution.
The Swedish feminist party Feminist Initiative uses pink as their color.
Code Pink is an American women's anti-globalization and anti-war group founded in 2002 by activist Medea Benjamin. The group has disrupted Congressional hearings and heckled President Obama at his public speeches.
It was a common practice to color British Empire pink on maps.
Social movements
Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is called nl.roze (roze being the Dutch word for pink), while in Britain, Pink News is a gay newspaper and online news service. There is a magazine called Pink for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community which has different editions for various metropolitan areas. In France Pink TV is an LGBT cable channel.
In Ireland, Support group for Irish Pink Adoptions defines a pink family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for the single gay men, single lesbians, or same-gender couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have adopted. It also covers adults born/raised in such families. The group welcome the input of other people touched by adoption, especially people who were adopted as children and are now adults.
Pinkstinks, a campaign founded in London in May 2008 to raise awareness of what they claim is the damage caused by gender stereotyping of children.
The Pink Pistols is a gay gun rights organization.
The pink ribbon is the international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity.
Academic dress
In the French academic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in the academic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Redcurrant, an extremely red shade of pink, is the distinctive color for Medicine (and other health-related fields) fr:Groseille (couleur).
Heraldry
The word pink is not used for any tincture (color) in heraldry, but there are two fairly uncommon tinctures which are both close to pink:
The heraldic color of rose is a modern innovation, mostly used in Canadian heraldry, depicting a reddish pink color like the shade usually called rose.
In French heraldry, the color carnation is sometimes used, corresponding to the skin color of a light skinned Caucasian human. This can also be seen as a pink shade but is usually depicted slightly more brownish beige than the rose tincture.
Calendars
In Thailand, pink is associated with Tuesday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear pink on Tuesdays, and anyone born on a Tuesday may adopt pink as their color.
The press
Pink is used for the newsprint paper of several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the color is also connected with the press aimed at the gay community.
Since 1893 the London Financial Times newspaper has used a distinctive salmon pink color for its newsprint, originally because pink dyed paper was less expensive than bleached white paper. Today the color is used to distinguish the newspaper from competitors on a press kiosk or news stand. In some countries, the salmon press identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers. Some sports newspapers, such as La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy, also use pink paper to stand out from other newspapers. It awards a pink jersey to the winner of Italy's most important bicycle race, the Giro d'Italia.
Law
In England and Wales, a brief delivered to a barrister by a solicitor is usually tied with pink ribbon. Pink was traditionally the color associated with the defense, while white ribbons may have been used for the prosecution.
Literature
In Spanish and Italian, a "pink novel" (novela rosa in Spanish, romanzo rosa in Italian) is a sentimental novel marketed to women.
In Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, Faith is wearing a pink ribbon in her hair which represents her innocence.
Carl Surely's short story "Dinsdale's Pink" is a coming of age tale of a young man growing up in Berlin in the 1930s, dealing with issues of gender, sexuality and politics.
Religion
In the Yogic Hindu, Shaktic Hindu and Tantric Buddhist traditions rose is one of the colors of the fourth primary energy center, the heart chakra Anahata. The other color is green.
In Catholicism, pink (called rose by the Catholic Church) symbolizes joy and happiness. It is used for the Third Sunday of Advent and the Fourth Sunday of Lent to mark the halfway point in these seasons of penance. For this reason, one of the candles in an Advent wreath may be pink, rather than purple.
Pink is the color most associated with Indian spiritual leader Meher Baba, who often wore pink coats to please his closest female follower, Mehera Irani, and today pink remains an important color, symbolizing love, to Baba's followers.
Sports
In Major League Baseball, pink bats are used by baseball players on Mother's Day as part of a week-long program to benefit Susan G. Komen for the Cure.
Pink can mean the scarlet coat worn in fox hunting (a.k.a. "riding to hounds"). One legend about the origin of this meaning refers to a tailor named Pink (or Pinke, or Pinque).
The leader in the Giro d'Italia cycle race wears a pink jersey (maglia rosa); this reflects the distinctive pink-colored newsprint of the sponsoring Italian La Gazzetta dello Sport newspaper.
The University of Iowa's Kinnick Stadium visitors' locker room is painted pink. The decor has sparked controversy, perceived by some people as suggesting sexism and homophobia.
Palermo, a soccer team based in Palermo, Italy, traditionally wears pink home jerseys.
WWE Hall of Famer Bret Hart, as well as other members of the Hart wrestling family, is known for his pink and black wrestling attire.
The Western Hockey League team Calgary Hitmen originally wore pink as a tribute to the aforementioned Bret Hart, who was a part team owner at the time.
The Penrith Panthers of the NRL, wear a pink away jersey.
Snooker uses a pink coloured object ball that is worth 6pts when legally potted.
Source From Wikipedia
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