The species domestication is attributed to India around 2000 BCE. Mango was brought to East Asia around 400–500 BCE, in the 15th century to the Philippines, and in the 16th century to Africa and Brazil by Portuguese explorers. The species was assessed and first named in botanical nomenclature by Linnaeus in 1753. Mango is the national fruit of India, Pakistan and the Philippines and the national tree of Bangladesh.
Origin and distribution
The mango tree is a tree native to eastern India and Burma. It was introduced to the xvi th century in Africa by the Arabs and Brazil by the Portuguese.
It is widely cultivated in all tropical countries from the xvii th century, particularly in Africa, Reunion and the Mauritius, the Seychelles, the Antilles and Brazil.
Description
Tree
It is a tree evergreen that can reach 45 meters high with a glass of 30 m in diameter. Alternate, simple, leathery, lanceolate to oblong leaves, 15-30 cm long, dark green, inflorescences in axillary or terminal panicles. Its flowers: Both types have five small green and hairy sepals with five separate petals that are red, yellow, orange, pink or green. At the base of the petals there is a segmented disk in five parts, which is fleshy and full of nectar. The stamens flower has only one functional stamen with one or more staminodiums.
Fruit
The fruit is a drupa that stands out among its main characteristics its good taste. Said pulp may or may not be fibrous, the variety called hilacha mango being the one that contains the most fiber. It is a fruit normally green in the beginning, and yellow, orange and even red-garnet when ripe, with a mildly acidic taste when it has not fully ripened.
Habitat, ecology
The mango tree accommodates all soils, but prefers deep, loamy and cool soils. It grows in tropical zones, in regions between 0 and 700 m above sea level. Beyond, its fruiting tends to be reduced. He fears rain at the time of flowering (which takes place in winter and continues more or less in winter), which impedes fertilization. A dry season of two to three months promotes the start of flowering.
Botanical description
The mango tree is a large tree that can reach 10 to 25 meters in height, with a crown of 20 meters in diameter. Its bark is smooth, dark gray-brown to black.
Its alternate leaves, whole, oblong and pointed, are persistent. They can measure from 15 to 35 cm long by 6 to 16 cm wide. When crumpled, they give off a turpentine smell. Their color is an orange-pink at the start of their growth and then goes through a brilliant dark red hue before becoming dark green at maturity,
The flowers, reddish white, are small and grouped in terminal clusters 20 to 50 cm long. They have five petals 5 to 10 mm long, five sepals and five stamens. The superior ovary contains a single ovum. Towards the middle of spring, after the end of flowering, it takes three to four months for the fruits to mature.
The fleshy fruit is an oblong-shaped drupe attached to a long peduncle, varying in size depending on the variety, 20 to 45 cm long and 7 to 12 cm in diameter, weighing from 500 g to 2.5 kg. The smooth and thin skin, quite resistant, is ripe in color green, yellow or scarlet (depending on the variety) more or less spotted with green and red, purple or pink (on the face exposed to the sun). The rather large and flattened kernel contains a single large seed (4 to 7 cm long by 3 to 4 cm wide and 1 cmthick) adhering to the flesh. It is covered with more or less developed fibers in the flesh according to the varieties. Its shape can be round, oval or kidney-shaped. Its flesh, more or less smooth, juicy, sweet and fragrant depending on the variety, is often sweet like that of peach hence its nickname "peach of the tropics".
Vegetative characteristics
The evergreen and fast-growing mango tree can (in individual cases) grow to heights of over 35 meters and a corresponding, protruding and rounded tree top with a diameter of up to 30 meters. It forms deep tap roots. The bark is initially light green, but older trees form a thick, gray-brown bark that has longitudinal cracks and later falls off in rectangular scales. Traces of a white, rubber-like juice often appear in the cracks.
The mango tree is quite long-lived and can bear fruit for more than 300 years.
The simple, somewhat stiff and waxy, glossy, leathery, bald and pointed to tapered leaves are elongated, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate with a whole, partly wavy edge. The leaves, which are arranged in a spiral or swirl, are up to 30 cm long and 7 cm wide. The nerves are pinnate with a light green midrib. The light green petiole is basally thickened (Pulvinus) and about 2–8 cm long. What is striking here is the renewal of the leaves, which is referred to as the "distribution of leaves". Between the old dark green foliage, individual branches with fresh, light foliage (shaking leaves) stand out, the new leaves hang limp at first and are initially reddish, salmon-colored, but soon become dark green on the side and lighter on the underside.
Generative characteristics
In terminal or axillary, large, about 20-35 cm or more, long and richly branched panicle pyramidal inflorescences are very many (up to 6000) short-stemmed flowers together. The inflorescence stems are greenish to reddish. Male or hermaphrodite flowers in mixed proportions are formed in the inflorescences. The relatively small, white-yellowish to pink or reddish-colored flowers smell of lilies when they open. The pointed to round-pointed, more or less hairy sepals are greenish and egg-shaped. The flowers have a large, green-whitish, fleshy and multi-lobed discand in addition to the one or two fertile stamens, there are also shorter staminodes. The upper ovary of the hermaphrodite flowers is spherical with an offset stylus, in the male it is atrophied. After the flowers have withered, it takes three to six months before the fruits are ripe.
Pollination is carried out by the wind or by insects (flies, bees, fringed wings, etc.).
The ripe, more than 20 cm long and 6–8 cm wide, irregularly egg-shaped to pear-shaped, sometimes beak-pointed mango hangs on a long stem on the tree and weighs up to two kilograms. The fruits can appear individually or in groups. The stone fruithas a thin, smooth, waxy-leathery skin, including a soft to sometimes fibrous, yellow-orange pulp, depending on the degree of ripeness, which encloses a large, flattened and whitish, woody-fibrous and hairy stone core, in which the somewhat smaller, flat one and brownish seeds located. The stone core adheres well to the pulp and is difficult to remove. The color of the fruit ranges from green to yellow to red, and there is often a combination of all three colors. The peeled fruit has a strong aromatic-sweet smell and taste. The seeds have a thin, papery seed coat and tegmen. The seeds are mono- or polyembryonicand they are not resistant to dehydration ("recalcitrant"; unorthodox), so they cannot be stored for long.
The chromosome number is 2n = 40 or 24.
Chemical constituents
Mangiferin (a pharmacologically active hydroxylated xanthone C-glycoside) is extracted from mango at high concentrations from the young leaves (172 g/kg), bark (107 g/kg), and from old leaves (94 g/kg). Allergenic urushiols are present in the fruit peel and can trigger contact dermatitis in sensitised individuals. This reaction is more likely to occur in people who have been exposed to other plants from the Anacardiaceae family, such as poison oak and poison ivy, which are widespread in the United States.
Traditional medicine
In Ayurveda, it is used in a Rasayana formula sometimes with other mild sours and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) and guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia). In traditional medicine, varied properties are attributed to different parts of the mango tree.
Origin and Distribution
Mangifera indica comes from the area between the Indian Assam and Myanmar ("Indian Mango") or from Borneo (now Filipino Mango) and is at home in the tropical rainforest. It occurs today as a crop in large parts of the world, including the United States, Mexico and other countries in Central and South America, in the Caribbean, in the tropical belt of Africa (e.g. in Kenya and on the Ivory Coast), in large parts of Asia (for example in Thailand, the Philippines and Pakistan, the third largest exporter in the world) and also in Australia. With a production of 10 to 15 million tons per year, India is still the main producer of mango fruits. In Europe, the trees are mainly cultivated in Spain, especially on the Costa del Sol and the Canary Islands.
Cultivation is difficult, but is becoming increasingly popular among hobby gardeners. As indoor or terrace plants in cooler climates, mango trees usually do not bear fruit, since most species need constantly high temperatures and humidity for this, which cannot be achieved in a normal indoor climate in apartments.
The Indian mango tree provides larger fruits, but is sensitive to large amounts of water. The Filipino mango is used to excess water, but needs considerable amounts of light.
On May 1, 2014, a temporary import ban in the European Union for mango fruits from India came into force. The reason for this was the fact that non-European fruit flies were repeatedly found in previous mango deliveries. The European authorities responsible see these insects as a biological hazard because they fear that they may spread to Europe.
Economic importance
Pharmacology
The mangiferine important is a compound extracted from the leaves and bark of the handle, to the skin like the fruit and, with antioxidant properties antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihistamine, anti - cancer, hypocholesterolemic and immunomodulatory.
Use
Use in the kitchen
Mangoes are counted as fruit. There are now over 1000 types of mango that differ in shape, size and taste. The fruits are processed into juice, compote, jam and ice cream and are also used in chutneys and pickle. Mangoes have been offered regularly in Europe for some years, although they are sensitive to pressure and therefore difficult to handle for the trade. The ripeness of a fruit can be recognized by the fact that it smells and gives way slightly under pressure. Mangoes are fully ripe when one to four millimeter black dots can be seen on the fruit.
Use as medicaments
Among other things, anti-inflammatory, anti- diabetic and anti-viral properties of the mango are discussed. They are also said to soothe the intestines because they are easy to digest and low in acids. In India, they are said to have the ability to stop bleeding and strengthen the heart. Due to the high content of vitamin C , mangoes can be used preventively against infections and colds.
Use as an oil plant
A vegetable fat is obtained from the seeds of the mango fruits, which is similar in properties to cocoa butter. It is used for the production of chocolate and margarine, but also for the production of skin creams, shampoo and other cosmetics.
Dye
On Timor, the traditional woven fabrics (tais) are dyed with the leaves of the mango, producing green tones.
Wood
The tree is more known for its fruit rather than for its timber. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit bearing lifespan has finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects. The wood is used for musical instruments such as ukuleles, plywood and low-cost furniture. The wood is also known to produce phenolic substances that can cause contact dermatitis.
Toxicology
The milk juice in the bark and leaves is irritating to the skin and can cause “mango dermatitis ”, hives or cheilitis. The irritation similar to that by which the "paint disease" Chinese lacquer caused the juice from the wound, lacquer tree is made, another Sumachgewächs. Also other sumac plants like the climbing poison sumac u. a. contain similar urushi sols in their milk juice which are responsible for the strong irritation. This similarity to the allergens of the toxicodendron species makes the frequency of cross allergiesunderstandable. The fruit bowl of immature fruits also contains urushi sols in smaller quantities.
Exposure to handling while picking the mangoes often occurs when juice dripping or splashing from the tears, stem ends, contaminates them. There is a particular danger if the contaminated mangoes are then sucked out unpeeled. In the countries where fresh fruit is harvested, there is often a mass of perioral (around the mouth) pronounced irritation (also called "mango rash" in Australia). The allergenic compounds in the fruit skin can cause sensitization or trigger a reaction in those who are already sensitized. However, peeled fruits are free from these substances and can therefore be safely eaten by allergy sufferers of toxicodendrons.
Also when working with wood (wood sap, sawdust), through contact with injured, broken branches, e.g. B. climbing trees or smoke from burning plants can cause irritation.
In Culture
The mango tree is often propagated by sowing because of its strong tendency to polyembryony which facilitates cloning.
Seedling mangoes reach their full production around the age of 10 years (against 3 to 4 years for grafted trees) and can produce profitably (on average one hundred per year) for a good twenty years but the tree can live more than 100 years.
The great culture systems
The mango tree is grown as a single tree or in denser homogeneous orchards. Due to its strong development, planting densities rarely exceed 200 feet / ha. Only the extreme subtropical locations allow 400 plants / ha. Monoculture however destroys soils and should therefore not be applied.
The technical itinerary and the development of the yield
The spread of mango
Mono-embryonated varieties can only be reproduced faithfully by grafting. The poly-embryonated varieties can be reproduced by sowing, but a drift of the type is always possible. The grafted plant is more vigorous and goes into production two to three years earlier. This method of multiplication is therefore recommended.
There are very few selected rootstocks, generally they are chosen from local poly-embryonated varieties to obtain homogeneous plants, if possible not very vigorous (Saber in South Africa, Cat's head in Ivory Coast, Maison Rouge in Reunion,…). The seed is germinated then transplanted into a plastic bag containing a rich and draining earthy mixture. The plant is grafted in a side slit or in the English way. In the tropics, plants are ready in a year. The Cirad-Flhor station of Vieux Habitants in Guadeloupe has a significant germplasm in the healthy zone.
Planting
Planting densities vary according to climate and tree vigor: from 100 trees / ha for Kensington Pride, to 400 trees / ha for Keitt, passing through intermediate values of 220 trees / ha for Kent, Irwin, Palmer, Nam Doc May.
The future orchard is arranged to obtain good drainage of runoff water (light leveling, teenagers, drainage ditches). A network of windbreaks is installed if necessary. The soil structure is improved before planting with toothed tools (if possible over 0.8 m to 1 m). A fertilization and amendments are made according to the recommendations of a soil analysis.
After picketing, the young scions are planted, at the start of the rainy season, in individual holes previously dug (0.6 m side), making sure to position the collar at the top of the planting mound. An intercropping can be considered in the first years. From the start of production, the requirements of the phytosanitary treatment program make this option difficult.
Maintenance
The purpose of pruning is to obtain the structuring of the tree into three to five carpenter branches inserted at different levels of the trunk and regularly distributed. This is achieved by folding the main axis down to a vigorous, partially decapitated growth unit.
The first years of planting, a manure is regularly spread under the foliage in four or five applications in the form of balanced NPK fertilizer. With the entry into fruiting, the proportion of potash is increased and that of phosphorus decreased in proportions (N = 1 - P2O5 = 0.5 - K2O = 1.5). The amount of manure gradually increases each year to reach a level of 200 kg of N per ha at ten years. On an adult orchard, it is spread in three stages: after harvest, before flowering, at the start of fruit enlargement (never at the end).
Mangoes are often grown dry. Irrigation, used in some dry areas with more intensive cultivation, is often the source of a significant increase in yields. In practice, water stress should be maintained two to three months before flowering. The water supplies do not resume, if necessary, until the end of flowering and until the start of the harvest. For an adult weeded orchard, the contributions are made at a level varying between 0.5 and 0.6 FTE. The orchard can be grassed or chemically weeded in the driest situations. In tropical Asia, artificial flower induction is obtained by foliar sprays of potassium nitrate (2 to 4%) on mature branches in vegetative rest.
Germination
To successfully plant a mango tree at home, you need a small airtight bag and water. The germination of a mango tree is very simple, it is enough to buy organic mangoes (because pesticides reduce the capacity of germination). Then take the stones and try to open it with a knife carefully, so as not to damage the seed, or dry it to facilitate opening. Then take your bag and insert the water so that half of the seed is soaked. Finally close the opening of the bag and wait. After 4-14 days, roots will appear.
Health protection
Black spot disease or bacteriosis of the mango tree (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae) is classified as quarantine disease. Any introduction from an infested area (Asia, Indian Ocean, Australia, Brazil,...) is prohibited.
没有评论:
发表评论