History
Britain sent a peace mission to Bhutan in early 1864, in the wake of the recent conclusion of a civil war there, under Ashley Eden. The dzongpon of Punakha – who had emerged victorious – had broken with the central government and set up a rival Druk Desi while the legitimate druk desi sought the protection of the penlop of Paro and was later deposed. The British mission dealt alternately with the rival penlop of Paro and the penlop of Trongsa (the latter acted on behalf of the druk desi), but Bhutan rejected the peace and friendship treaty it offered. Britain declared war in November 1864. Bhutan had no regular army, and what forces existed were composed of dzong guards armed with matchlocks, bows and arrows, swords, knives, and catapults. Some of these dzong guards, carrying shields and wearing chainmail armor, engaged the well-equipped British forces.
The fort, known at the time as Dewangiri, at Deothang was dismantled by the British during 1865. The British initially suffered a humiliating defeat at Deothang and when they recaptured Dewangiri they destroyed much in an attempt to compensate.
The Duar War (1864–1865) lasted only five months and, despite some battlefield victories by Bhutanese forces, resulted in Bhutan's defeat, loss of part of its sovereign territory, and forced cession of formerly occupied territories. Under the terms of the Treaty of Sinchula, signed 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the 83 km² of territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan, in return for an annual subsidy of 50,000 rupees. The Treaty of Sinchula stood until 1910, when Bhutan and British India signed the Treaty of Punakha, effective until 1947.
Douar
To the south of Bhutan in the fertile plains Kochi, Bihar and spread, between the two Hindi means "gate" in Duaru (English version) region were present across Assam and Bengal. As a result, Bhutan's Penrop (the Secretary of State) often invaded the south through Dhuar, adding Kochi Bihar to a loose sphere of influence and gaining trading rights such as grain and textiles. The Kochi-Bihar is also a whole area small lords to flood, was in need of protection of Bhutan. In 1730, the Mughal Empire attempted to militaryly rule Kochi Bihar under the influence of Tongsa Penrop in Bhutan (Penrop is the secretary of state of Bhutan., Bhutan, three people of Penroppu had ruled and divided into three parts. Among them, the most important base of the center Trongsa Trongsa-Penroppu to dominate the east and southeast from (Trongsa) is the most influential people) This dispatched the army he gained greater interference and gained the appointment of the governor of Kochi Bihar.
But the lords of Kochi Bihar, appointed by Thongsa Penrop, were assassinated one after another. In 1772, when the appointed lord of Kochi Bihar reversed and approached the British East India Company, he was under the protection of paying half of the revenue and paying the military expenses of the East India Company. As a result, an Indian soldier of the East India Company and Trongsa Penlop clashed over Kochi Bihar, but Penlop was torn and lifted up into mountainous territory. However, Wallace Hastings, British colonial officer at the time, did not intend to prolong the conflict, and with the intervention of Tibet, in 1774, the Anglo-Bhutan Treaty to return the border to pre-conflict Was concluded. The purpose of the East India Company through this generous peace was to establish a trade route to Tibet, and often dispatched missions to Bhutan to establish this interest (1774, 1776-1777, 1783, 1815). In addition to the 1792 Tibet Nepal against the invasion of the Qing I was repulsed it with the support of, became the order situation Qing dominion is being strictly limited Tibetan trade of foreign countries intensified. The incident worsened the relationship between Britain and Nepal, which lost the trade route, and Bhutan's importance as a trade route grew in reverse.
Intensification of conflict
In 1828, there was a war between Britain and Myanmar, and Britain won and gained the right to trade in the Assam Doual region. This fertile area will become an important cash crop production area in Britain through tea and other plantations, but historically this area has been an important source of Bhutan's grains and trade goods, I could not let go. Bhutan's Trongsa Penlop called on the UK to maintain trade by paying compensation, but the UK reduced trade levels and exchange rates, and Indian company officials embezzled compensation received. Both countries had raised distrust of defaults. Interference of Trongsa-Penroppu is invited riots in Assam was drained the population from the region, the United Kingdom on the other was forced in many places the residents immigration to compensate for the labor force.
In 1848, the United Kingdom to solve the two countries of the problem, but to send the pen Burton mission, the Pemberton chose to negotiating partner is not a Trongsa-Penroppu, had already lost only in the administrative highest nominal Desi Met. At that time, Trongsa Penlop had completely left Deci's control and continued his armed struggle against the other Penlops. Therefore, in response to Pemberton's request, Deci has no feasible means, and the talks between the two parties will end up in bargains. The negotiations in the United Kingdom, Bhutan interference through the disciples were sure that without the effective. 1851, the United Kingdom and full possession of Assam, the annual 10,000 to Bhutan for the rupee unilaterally declare to pay the compensation costs of. As a result, relations between the two countries continued to deteriorate.
Jigumi Namgel
1853, to assist the Trongsa-Penroppu Trongsa-Zuinpen was in the position Jigumi-Namugeru is, to inherit the status of Penroppu by the nomination of his predecessor. Jigumi Namguel won the civil war and ruled throughout East Bhutan, and in his fight for the succession of Desi, he brought Uma Dewa under his influence to the status of Deshi. The horse Dewa is assassinated shortly after taking office by the opponent Gunga Perden, but Jigumi Namgel dared to approve the Gunga Perden and replace it with its full tax right (usually tax collection). It was necessary to keep some of them in desi). The appointment of the secretary of the surrounding area has also shifted from Deshi to Tongsa Penrop, where Jigmi Namguel has risen to Bhutan's highest rank, both in name and name, and Jigmi Namguel has clarified his intention to build a centralized state.
Ashley Iden Mission
Jigmi Namguel, as before, sought Britain over territory over the Duar region, but the British government had decided to build a plantation in the region, and there was frequent skirmishes between the two. United Kingdom has been hope to resolve this in the negotiation or pressure, the United Kingdom and the lack of Bhutan domestic information, was not able to decipher the power structure and coordination. In addition and Jenkins colonel in charge of the British pair Bhutan is turned to coercive diplomatic posture, in both countries of the provisional border apparently met in Bhutan side ambary-Farakata forcibly merged in 1860 to and, of Bhutan side Posture was extremely hardened.
Britain offered the frequent dispatch of the mission for the sake of friendship relationship building is, had been refused entry by the secret hand-cranked of Jigumi-Namugeru to rush the pacified the country. However, in 1863, despite the refusal of Bhutan, Britain returned to the country with the return of Ambari Farakata to Bhutan, the mutual handover of criminals, the confirmation of a protected state of Sikkim and Kochi Bihar and the suspension of conflict, United Kingdom agent resident "" for the purpose of the Treaty of free trade agreement "to the Ashley and Genetics sent a delegation. Ashley Iden's delegation, despite repeated requests to return to Bhutan, ignored it and crossed the mountainous area in winter without any assistance to arrive in Bhutan's capital, Punakha. Jigumi Namgel responded to them on behalf of the delegation, but Jigmi Namgel demanded that the treaty include the return of the Duar region, and Ashley Iden consulted on the grounds that he had no authority to decide. Rejected. This is an indication that there is no room for negotiation in relation to Duaru region in the United Kingdom, was infuriated Jigumi-Namugeru.
In March 1864, a second round of negotiations took place, and Jigmi Namguer demanded that the Free Trade Agreement, the presence of a British agent be permanently removed, and the return of the Duar region be renewed. The talks were engulfed from the very beginning by vicious air, both of which revealed arrogance and contempt. Ashley Iden also suddenly agreed to the request and signed the treaty, a decision to return early to British India, after which the Bhutan threatened to force the signing of the treaty. was declared. The Governor-General of India will also decide to use military force to surrender Jigmi Namgel, who refuses to renegotiate under the treaty with Ashley Iden. The United Kingdom declared a complete annexation of Assam Duar and Ambari Farakata in November 1864, and suspended troop payments to Bhutan in both regions, sending troops to Bengal, Kochi Bihar and Assam..
The War
Declaration of war
On November 12, 1864, the British Governor of India declared war on Bhutan. The United Kingdom argued that "Sikkim was the culprit in the uproar of Kochi Bihar," "disobedience to friendly missions," "derogatory behavior to missions," and "the execution of invalid treaties by intimidating delegations." He offered and claimed "perpetual suspension of compensation payments" and "control of Bengal Duar". Bhutan issued a statement externally accusing Deci of the unjust invasion of Britain, and calling on other Penlops and influential figures in the country where Zigmi Namgel was in conflict.
First invasion
The British dispatched two officers, Brigadier General Marcaster and Brigadier Dunsford, and commanded the army in east and west, respectively. In addition, each army was further divided into four units in order to attack narrow mountains. The four units each attempted to enter from different routes. Among them, the most western of the troops and the main forces, a number of high-level officers and Indian soldiers, mortars, 600 elephants for transportation have been deployed.
Since the war, Bhutan is to always win the UK is because you did not placed only a few soldiers in Assam Duaru region, Duaru during the month of December, Darjeeling Bhutan soldiers ousted from the hills, local whole area of dispute is the United Kingdom of the effective It became the dominant land. Eastern forces also attacked Bhutan's homeland, with the most eastern troops occupying an important base, Dewangiri. In addition, the remaining troops will occupy fortifications such as Buksa, Barra and Bishensin one after another. However, the winter invasion of mountainous areas was subject to many terrain constraints, and further advancement stagnated due to difficulties in supply. In addition, some victory and weakness in resistance led him to misjudgment of his opponent's intentions, and he was unable to pay attention to the movement of Jigumi Namgel, who had halted the country.
Bishenshin on January 25, 1865, Bukusa in 26 days, 27 days is a rose, and in 29 days the attempted Trongsa-Penroppu himself led a surprise attack in Dewangiri. The offensive took place alongside the troops, as well as the supply lines themselves, especially when Bhutan's army knew that it was difficult to replenish water in its own country. British soldiers withdrew in whole line, leaving the wounded soldiers and cargo, Bhutan were obtained some of the prisoners and firearms.
Second invasion and the Sintura Convention
In March 1865, the British dismissed their commanders in order to rebuild their positions and sent Brigadier General Thompse and Brigadier General Fraser Tittler. When both re invade Bhutan while ensuring carefully supply lines, while coordinated with each other drove Bhutan army territory. Also, when Jigumi-Namugeru to defeat several times in a small battle to gradually resume the anti-Jigumi-Namugeru forces activities, traditional allies Wandi, Podan-Zonpen also started tuning to it in trouble for Was. If the British re-occupy the Dewangiri fortress in that situation, there is no longer any force in Bhutan to stop the invasion, and Bhutan surrenders to Britain.
On November 11, 1865, the United Kingdom and Bhutan signed the Sintura Treaty. As a result, Bhutan has completely lost the Duar region, which spans Assam and Bengal, and has lost 7,122 square kilometers of territory. The previously annexed Amber Farakata also became British. Britain, Kochi Bihar and Sikkim have extraterritorial rights in Bhutan, and criminals have been tried by their respective laws. A free trade agreement was signed as originally requested, and Bhutan was required to serve as a trade route to Tibet. On the other hand, as compensation for lost territory, every year 50,000 from the United Kingdom to Bhutan rupees compensation costs has become is that paid.
Treaty of Sinchula
Below appears the text of the Treaty of Sinchula.
On the 11th day of November, 1865
Treaty between His Excellency the Right Honourable Sir John Lawrence, G.C.B., K.S.I., Viceroy and Governor-General of Her Britannic Majesty's possessions in the East Indies, and the one part by Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Bruce, CB, by virtue of full powers to that effect vested in him by the Viceroy and Governor – General, and on the other part by Samdojey Deb Jimpey and Themseyrensey Donai according to full powers conferred on them by the Dhum and Deb Rajahs, 1865.
ARTICLE I There shall henceforth be perpetual peace and friendship between the British Government and the Government of Bhutan.
ARTICLE II Whereas in consequence of repeated aggressions of the Bhutan Government and of the refusal of that Government to afford satisfaction for those aggressions, and for their insulting treatment of the officers sent by His Excellency the Governor-General in Council for the purpose of procuring an amicable adjustment of differences existing between the two states, the British Government has been compelled to seize by an armed force the whole of the Doars and certain Hill Posts protecting the passes into Bhutan, and whereas the Bhutan Government has now expressed its regret for past misconduct and a desire for the establishment of friendly relations with the British Government, it is hereby agreed that the whole of the tract known as the Eighteen Doars, bordering on the districts of Rungpoor, Cooch Behar, and Assam, together with the Taloo of Ambaree Fallcottah and the Hill territory on the left bank of the Teesta up to such points as may be laid down by the British Commissioner appointed for the purpose is ceded by the Bhutan Government to the British Government forever.
ARTICLE III The Bhutan Government hereby agree to surrender all British subjects, as well as subjects of the Chief of Sikkim and Cooch Behar who are now detained in Bhutan against their will, and to place no impediment in the way of the return of all or any of such persons into British territory.
ARTICLE IV In consideration of the cession by the Bhutan Government of the territories specified in Article II of this Treaty, and of the said Government having expressed its regret for past misconduct, and having hereby engaged for the future to restrain all evil disposed persons from committing crimes within British territory or the territories of the Rajahs of Sikkim and Cooch Behar and to give prompt and full redress for all such crimes which may be committed in defiance of their commands, the British Government agree to make an annual allowance to the Government of Bhutan of a sum not exceeding fifty thousand rupees (Rupees 50,000) to be paid to officers not below the rank of Jungpen, who shall be deputed by the Government of Bhutan to receive the same. And it is further hereby agreed that the payments shall be made as specified below:
On the fulfillment by the Bhutan Government of the conditions of this Treaty Twenty Five Thousand Rupees (Rupees 25,000).
On the 10th January following the 1st payment, thirty five thousand rupees (Rupees 35,000)
On the 10th January following, forty-five thousand rupees (Rupees 45,000)
On every succeeding 10th January, fifty thousand rupees (Rupees 50,000)
The effects of war
Loss of the territory of Bhutan is a regional govern mainly of Trongsa-Penroppu, also loss of Duaru was directly linked to the loss of that wealth. As a result, Jigumi Namgel's vision of becoming a centralized state is broken. Jigumi Namguer changed his policy and in 1870 he handed over Tonsa Penrop to his older brother, and became himself a decimated desi. Jigumi-Namugeru is calm successive betrayal or uprising, was Toritsuzuke national rudder even 1879 years of his later years after they retire disciples. Although the death even civil war was continued, in 1885 starboard Wangchuck is the battle of Chanrimitan to victory in ending the civil war of Bhutan.
After the war, the role that the United Kingdom is determined to Bhutan is a trade routes with neighboring Tibet, was a buffer zone between the neighboring countries. As a result, he remained indifferent to Bhutan's domestic situation, and did not interfere with civil strife, resulting in the unification of Bhutan. The new Bhutan leader Ugen Wangchuk recognized the importance of British support, and actively dispatched missions. He also made a good impression on Britain, including acting as an intermediary in negotiations with Tibet. In 1905, he was awarded the Order of the Medal, honoring his achievement in the British-Tibet Treaty. In 1907 Desi is abolished the Kingdom of Bhutan and is established, in 1910 Punakha treaty enters under the protection of the United Kingdom entered into a. This won a compensation doubled and non-interference in internal affairs, instead of entrusting the diplomatic, and later, the domestic situation of Bhutan was stable.
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