William Clark

William Clark (August 1, 1770 – September 1, 1838) was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor A native of Virginia, he grew up in prestatehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Missouri Clark was a planter and slaveholder

Along with Meriwether Lewis, Clark helped lead the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804 to 1806 across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean, and claimed the Pacific Northwest for the United States Before the expedition, he served in a militia and the United States Army Afterward, he served in a militia and as governor of the Missouri Territory From 1822 until his death in 1838, he served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs

William Clark was born in Caroline County, Virginia, on August 1, 1770, the ninth of ten children of John and Ann Rogers Clark His parents were natives of King and Queen County, and were of English and possibly Scots ancestry The Clarks were common planters in Virginia, owners of modest estates and a few slaves, and members of the Anglican Church

Clark did not have any formal education; like many of his contemporaries, he was tutored at home In later years, he was self-conscious about his convoluted grammar and inconsistent spelling—he spelled "Sioux" 27 different ways in his journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition—and sought to have his journals corrected before publication The spelling of American English was not standardized in Clark's youth, but his vocabulary suggests he was well read

Clark's five older brothers fought in Virginia units during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), but William was too young His oldest brother, Jonathan Clark, served as a colonel during the war, rising to the rank of brigadier general in the Virginia militia years afterward His second-oldest brother, George Rogers Clark, rose to the rank of general, spending most of the war in Kentucky fighting against British-allied American Indians After the war, the two oldest Clark brothers made arrangements for their parents and family to relocate to Kentucky

William, his parents, his three sisters, and the Clark family's slaves arrived in Kentucky in March 1785, having first traveled overland to Redstone Landing in present-day Brownsville, Pennsylvania They completed the journey down the Ohio River by flatboat The Clark family settled at "Mulberry Hill", a plantation along Beargrass Creek near Louisville This was William Clark's primary home until 1803 In Kentucky, his older brother George Rogers Clark taught William wilderness survival skills

Kentuckians fought the Northwest Indian War against American Indians, who were trying to preserve their territory north of the Ohio River In 1789, 19-year-old William Clark joined a volunteer militia force under Major John Hardin Clark kept a detailed journal of the expedition, beginning a lifelong practice Hardin was advancing against the Wea Indians, who had been raiding settlements in Kentucky, on the Wabash River In error, the undisciplined Kentucky militia attacked a peaceful Shawnee hunting camp, where they killed a total of eight men, women, and children

In 1790, Clark was commissioned by General Arthur St Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, as a captain in the Clarksville, Indiana militia One older source says he was sent on a mission to the Creek and Cherokee, whom the US hoped to keep out of the war, in the Southeast His responsibilities are unclear He may have visited New Orleans at that time His travels prevented him from participating in General Josiah Harmar's disastrous campaign into the Northwest Territory that year

In 1791, Clark served as an ensign and acting lieutenant with expeditions under generals Charles Scott and James Wilkinson He enlisted in the Legion of the United States and was commissioned as a lieutenant on March 6, 1792 under Anthony Wayne On September 4, 1792 he was assigned to the 4th Sub-Legion He was involved in several skirmishes with Indians during the continuing Northwest Indian War At the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, Clark commanded a company of riflemen who drove back the enemy on the left flank, killing a number of Native Americans and Canadians This decisive US victory brought the Northwest Indian War to an end In 1795, Clark was dispatched on a mission to New Madrid, Missouri Clark also served as an adjutant and quartermaster while in the militia

William Clark resigned his commission on July 4, 1796 and retired due to poor health, although he was only 26 years old He returned to Mulberry Hill, his family's plantation near Louisville

In 1803, Meriwether Lewis recruited Clark, then age 33, to share command of the newly formed Corps of Discovery, whose mission was to explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase, establish trade with Native Americans and the sovereignty of the US They were to find a waterway from the US to the Pacific Ocean and claim the Oregon territory for the United States before European nations did Clark spent three years on the expedition to the Pacific Coast A slave owner known to deal harshly with his slaves, he brought York, one of his slaves, with him The indigenous nations treated York with respect, and many of the Native Americans were interested in his appearance, which "played a key role in diplomatic relations"

Although Clark was refused a promotion to the rank of captain when Jefferson asked the Senate to appoint him, at Lewis' insistence, he exercised equal authority, and continued the mission Clark concentrated chiefly on the drawing of maps, the management of the expedition's supplies, and leading hunting expeditions for game

In 1807, President Jefferson appointed Clark as the brigadier general of the militia in the Louisiana Territory, and the US agent for Indian affairs At the time, trade was a major goal and the US established the factory system The government and its appointees licensed traders to set up trading posts in Native American territory Native American relations were handled in what became the War Department Clark set up his headquarters in St Louis, Missouri

There he became a member of the Freemasons, a secret fraternal group The records of his initiation do not exist, but on September 18, 1809, Saint Louis Lodge No 111 issued a traveling certificate for Clark

As a reward for their contributions during their expedition to the Pacific Lewis and Clark were given government positions Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis territorial governor of Upper Louisiana, commander-in-chief of the militia, and superintendent of Indian Affairs Although he was in charge of Indian affairs, Clark was under the supervision of the Governor of the Louisiana Territory The governor had final say of all decisions made in the territory Although Clark had primary duties in dealing with the Native Americans, "the territorial governor held the title of ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs

Clark's experiences during his cross-continent expedition gave him the tools to be the ideal candidate for a diplomat to the Native Americans That was Jefferson's motives behind giving Clark these duties, although it would not be until Madison's presidency that Clark's title became official President James Madison appointed Clark as Missouri territorial governor and thus ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs in that region, during the summers of 1808 and 1813 In the earlier period, Clark performed the same duties that he would have if he held the title During the years while Clark held position under Governor Lewis, he was continuously involved in decisionmaking with him Clark was consulted on affairs on a regular basis In Louisiana and Missouri, Clark served the United States government for the longest term in history as diplomat to the Native American peoples

Indian diplomacy occupied much of Clark's time; the dutiful soldier and bureaucrat never wavered in his commitment to an expansionist national agenda that expected Indians to surrender their lands, abandon their traditional ways, and acquiesce to the dictates of the US government But he was aware of the consequences and he demonstrated genuine concern for the plight of destitute native people increasingly threatened with extinction Clark's expeditions and frontier settlement gave him unique views and feelings toward Native Americans He felt as though he held a firm hand when he had to, but at the same time he had passion towards them as people still deserving of rights At times he was said to be too compassionate Clark took his position as one of extreme importance to not only the government of the United States, but to the Native American people as well

Clark recognized Indians' nationalism, their history, language, culture and territory and negotiated treaties between the various nations and his He tried to protect Indians and preserve their culture by removing them from the evil influences of white society, providing life-saving inoculations, having their portraits painted, and assembling a museum of Indian artifacts At the same time, he removed Indians from their ancestral lands; encouraged federal "civilization" and "education" programs to change native lifestyles, religious beliefs, and cultural practices; and usually promoted the interests of American citizens over Indian needs and desires

During the War of 1812, Clark led several campaigns, among them in 1814, one along the Mississippi River, up to the Prairie du Chien-area He established the short-lived Fort Shelby, the first post in what is now Wisconsin Soon, the post was captured by the British When the Missouri Territory was formed in 1813, Clark was appointed as the governor by President Madison He was reappointed to the position by Madison in 1816, and in 1820 by President Monroe

William Clark appeared before Supreme Court Judge John BC Lucas in St Louis on July 6, 1813, to take the oath of office as governor of the Missouri Territory Clark's road to a gubernatorial appointment was long and complex Upon Lewis' appointment by Jefferson, Clark backed him and at times filled the role of governor without holding official position, due to Lewis' complications in life, whether it was debt, loneliness, or drinking Upon the death of Lewis in 1809, Clark declined to take office for varying reasons

By the time he was appointed governor, Clark appreciated his own capabilities and embraced them rather than turning them away when he took office, America was involved in the War of 1812 with the British Clark feared the influence the British would have on the Native Americans British tactics would include the use of Indians as allies in the fighting against the United States In return for British victory, Indians would either be able to continue to occupy their current land or receive lands back that were taken from them previously by the United States Government Clark held office for the next seven years until he was voted out of office in 1820, in the first election after Missouri became a state He was defeated by Alexander McNair

In 1822, Clark was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs by President James Monroe, a new position created by Congress after the factory system was abolished Clark served in that position until his death; his title changed with the creation of the Office of Indian Affairs in 1824 and finally the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1829, both within the War Department From 1824 to 1825, he was additionally appointed surveyor general of Illinois, Missouri and the Territory of Arkansaw It was around this time that Clark received as a gift from a Potowatomi chief in Missouri a rare smoking pipe or calumet that is now in the British Museum's collection

As the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Clark was the most important man on Native American matters west of the Mississippi As superintendent at St Louis, Clark took on some additional duties: he issued licenses and granted passports to traders and travelers; provided payments for injuries and injustices to both whites and Indians; invoked military force to arrest lawbreakers; prevented or terminated hostilities between tribes; removed unauthorized persons from Indian country or confiscated their property; established, marked, and surveyed boundaries; distributed annuities and made sure that treaty provisions were delivered; and conducted treaty councils Of the four superintendents of Indian affairs, the others were the governors of Michigan, Florida and Arkansas territories; Clark had by far the largest superintendency

Though Clark tried to maintain peaceful relations with indigenous nations and negotiated peace treaties, he was involved in President Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy This included "his duty to oversee removal" He managed retaliation against Black Hawk and those allied with him in the Black Hawk War, when hostilities arose between them and the Americans Clark issued "an extermination order", which he gave to Lewis Cass, a man who played a central role in Jackson's removal policy

Clark believed in the Jeffersonian ideology in which assimilation would be the best course of action for Native Americans However, in the end, relocation of the Indians from their native lands became the government's primary goal Clark's government position on Native American affairs kept him at the forefront of countless relocations He expressed sympathy for those uprooted tribes and promoted their interests as he understood them, nevertheless, he agreed with and implemented the policy of Indian removal, negotiating 37, or one-tenth, of all ratified treaties between American Indians and the United States Over the course of his career, millions of acres passed from Indian to US ownership through Clark's hand

After returning from his cross-country expedition, Clark married Julia Hancock on January 5, 1808, at Fincastle, Virginia They had five children: Meriwether Lewis Clark, Sr (1809–1881), named after his friend and expedition partner; William Preston Clark (1811–1840); Mary Margaret Clark (1814–1821); George Rogers Hancock Clark (1816–1858), named after Clark's older brother; and John Julius Clark (1818–1831), named after his oldest brother Jonathan and Clark's wife

After Julia's death in 1820, William Clark married Julia's first cousin, Harriet Kennerly Radford They had three children together: Jefferson Kearny Clark (1824–1900), named after the president; Edmund Clark (1826–1827), named after another of his older brothers; and Harriet Clark, named after her mother (dates unknown; died as child) His second wife Harriet died in 1831

His son by a sister of Chief Red Grizzly Bear, Tzi-Kal-Tza/Halahtookit Clark, was alive in 1866 and features in a photo taken that year "Oral history says that this man called himself 'Clark', that he was captured at the end of the Nez Perce Indian war of 1877, and that he died of malaria fifteen hundred miles away from home There are many gaps in the story of Clark's Nez Perce son, many questions for which historians will never find answers What is undisputed, however, is that sixty years after befriending the men of the Lewis and Clark expedition, the Nez Perce had ceded nine-tenths of their tribal lands to the United States government, and by October 1877, the last of the free Nez Perce were confined to the reservation at Lapwai or held in a prison camp in Indian Territory"

William Clark died in St Louis on September 1, 1838 at age 68 He was buried in the Bellefontaine Cemetery, where a 35-foot (11 m) gray granite obelisk was erected to mark his grave Clark was originally buried at his nephew John O'Fallon's property, in 1838 That area is now known as O'Fallon Park The funeral procession stretched for more than a mile and cannons fired a military salute The entire city of St Louis mourned his passing

Clark and six of his family members were later buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery on October 23, 1860 The monument that marks their graves was dedicated in 1904 on the centennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase Clark's son, Jefferson Kearney Clark, designed the monument and paid $25,000 for it ($425,000 in 2005 figures) Jefferson Clark's wife had to complete the building of the monument after Jefferson died in 1900 Many years later, the monument was restored and rededicated on May 21, 2004, to mark the bicentennial of the Corps of Discovery's departure from St Charles, Missouri Members of the Shoshone, Osage, and Mandan tribes spoke at the ceremony, marking Clark's service to these Indian nations during the final years of his life

Legacy and honors
Clark was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814
In 2001, President Bill Clinton promoted Clark to the rank of captain in the US Army posthumously Descendants of Clark were there to mark the occasion
2004 rededication of the obelisk: Although his family had established endowments to maintain his grave site, by the late 20th century, the grave site had fallen into disrepair His descendants raised $100,000 to rehabilitate the obelisk They celebrated the rededication with a ceremony May 21, 2004, on the bicentennial of the start of the Lewis and Clark Expedition The ceremony was attended by a large gathering of Clark's descendants, reenactors in period dress, and leaders from the Osage Nation and the Lemhi band of the Shoshone
The western American plant genus Clarkia (in the evening primrose family Onagraceae), is named after him, as are the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki ), and Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), a large passerine bird, in the family Corvidae All were species which Clark identified during the expedition Clark's grebe (Aechmophorus clarkii ) was not named for William Clark, but for JH Clark who collected the first specimen

Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark commanded the Corps of Discovery to map the Pacific Northwest They were honored with a 3-cent stamp July 24, 1954 on the 150th anniversary The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States Lewis and Clark described and sketched flora and fauna and described the native inhabitants they encountered before returning to St Louis in 1806

Both Lewis and Clark appear on the gold Lewis and Clark Exposition dollars minted for the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition Among the Early United States commemorative coins, they were produced in both 1904 and 1905 and survive in relatively small numbers

The Lewis and Clark expedition was celebrated on May 14, 2004, the 200th anniversary of its outset depicting the two on a hilltop outlook Two companion 37-cent stamps showed portraits of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark A special 32-page booklet accompanied the issue in eleven cities along the route taken by the Corps of Discovery An image of the stamp can be found on Arago online at the link in the footnote

He is included on the St Louis Walk of Fame
Counties are named in his honor in six states: Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, and Washington
The city of Clarkston, Washington is named for him
The Clarks River in western Kentucky is named for him, as is the Clark Fork in Montana and Idaho, and the Clarks Fork Yellowstone River in Montana and Wyoming
Two US Navy Vessels have been named in honor of Clark; the Polaris nuclear submarine USS Lewis and Clark and the supply ship USNS Lewis and Clark were named for him and Lewis
The Clark Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge across the Mississippi River between West Alton, Missouri and Alton, Illinois, was named after him
Lewis and Clark Community College in Metro East, Illinois, was named for the explorers
Lewis and Clark Law School in Portland, Oregon, was named after Lewis and Clark
Lewis-Clark State College in Lewiston, Idaho, is named for the two explorers
Lewis and Clark Elementary School in Mandan, North Dakota, is named for the two explorers
Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Oregon is named for the two explorers
Lewis & Clark Elementary School in Fargo, North Dakota is named for the two explorers
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