2018年8月12日星期日

Wind power in Japan

In Japan's electricity sector wind power generates a small proportion of the country's electricity. As of 2015, the country had a total installed capacity of 3,167 MW. Government targets for wind power deployment are relatively low when compared to other countries, at 1.7% of electricity production by 2030. It has been estimated that Japan has the potential for 144 GW for onshore wind and 608 GW of offshore wind capacity.

In Japan, diffusion has not progressed as much as Western countries. The reason is that if you install a windmill capable of withstanding typhoons, the cost will rise compared with the West and the difficulty in securing a flatland enough to install a large number of windmills, originally Japan has emphasized solar power as clean energy There is history and the like. Also, as Japan has a high degree of reliance on nuclear power generation as well as France, its dependence on wind power is weak, and in contrast, the United States and Germany have stopped policymaking the establishment of nuclear power plants in the United States and Germany, Increasing the dependence of.

Japanese electric power companies are reluctant to wind power generation projects, but projects such as "municipal windmill" by local governments and "citizen windmill" by citizen groups are advancing. .

In January 2006 a wind power plant was added as one of the map symbols. There is also a balloon wind power generation that utilizes the westerly wind.

Development / dissemination situation
The cumulative introduction volume of wind power generation (output 10 kW or more) in Japan is about 1400 as of March 2007, the total installed capacity is about 1.68 million kW, the power generation amount is the standard nuclear power plant (around 1 million kW) It is a fraction. In FY 2007, the introduction volume fell to less than half compared to the previous year. Looking at the output per unit, in 2007 the model with the installed capacity of 1 MW or more began to occupy the majority. Major wind power companies are Eurus Energy Holdings (Former Tomen Powerholders) (a joint venture between TEPCO and Toyota Tsusho), Japan Wind Power Development, Power Development, Eco Power (a subsidiary of Cosmo Oil), Gas and Power (Osaka Gas' Subsidiary), Clean Energy Factory and others. With regard to large machines of 2 MW or more, which were independent places of overseas machines, the development of domestically produced machines is progressing. Most of the wind power generation facilities are imported products, and the proportion of domestically produced machines in fiscal 2007 is 16% on the basis of equipment capacity and 23% on the base.

In recent years, Japanese companies and research institutes are actively developing windmills suitable for the Japanese environment. As of 2014, there are about 2000 units nationwide, total generation capacity is about 2.5 million kilowatts.

Offshore wind power generation
As Japan has wide territorial waters and exclusive economic zones, expectations are directed towards wind power generation at sea.

Also, because of the deep water places, methods using a floating foundation are also being studied at the maritime technical safety research institute and IHIMU. For offshore wind power generation at offshore (offshore wind power generation), since it is difficult to transmit electricity to land, we produce hydrogen by electricity generated, compress it, transport it by adsorption to organic hydride, etc. It is expected that this will solve the problem of power fluctuation. In March 2002, the Institute of Science and Technology Policy announced "Proposal on methanol production utilizing deep ocean wind power generation", and around Okinotorishima, Sanriku off Pacific, Northwest off Hokkaido Nihonkai etc. As a promising marine area, we propose a large-scale system that can cover all the energy demand in Japan, estimate its economic efficiency, etc., and said it can be put into practical use.

Statistics

YearCapacityChange% Change
2000136  
2001302166122.06%
20023383611.92%
200358024271.60%
200480922939.48%
20051,04924029.67%
20061,30926024.79%
20071,53822917.49%
20081,88234422.37%
20092,18630416.15%
20102,47528913.22%
20112,556813.27%
20122,641863.33%
20132,715732.8%
20142,9212147.59%
20153,1672468.42%
20163,230192 
20173,399169 

Cost-effectiveness
Costs per unit electricity generation in Japan (excluding expenses such as global warming cost etc) are set to 10 to 24 yen / kWh as of 2001, and if the conditions are good in Japan, practical level 9 to 13 There are some facilities reaching yen / kwh. However, although wind turbines in Europe and the United States are generally efficient with large diameter of 2500 - 5000 kw, Japanese windmills have difficulties in trading funds shortage and elongated plastics onshore transportation, and as of 2013, 400 - 1500 kw The reason is that poor efficiency due to small and medium caliber diameters and failure cases that purchased a windmill made in Europe that does not assume typhoons or lightning strikes (due to the appreciation of the yen) and failed due to a typhoon or lightning strike caused a failure are doing.

As of 2013, as wind power becomes more advantageous against thermal power in the yen depreciation policy, Japanese domestic wind turbines designed on the premise of Japanese typhoon and lightning will be less expensive than imported windmills, so Japanese wind power generation It is expected that it will regain the delay of construction and large caliber for Europe and the United States.

According to the announcement of Wind Farm of the third sector Aoyama Takahara Wind Farm, which is a part of Chubu Electric Power's facility subsidiary Seatec, Iga and Tsu Investment Co., Ltd., which is engaged in wind power generation projected to become Japan's No. 1 wind power generation facility in 2015, 40 Total cost of construction of wind turbines and wind substation for wind power generation with capacity of 10,000 kW is expected to be about 20 billion yen.

Policy · Introduction target quantity
In the "New Energy Subcommittee Report" by the METI 's investigation committee in June 2001, the installed capacity capacity target until 2010 was set to 3 million kW, and the Ministry of the Environment also announced the "Global Warming Promotion Outline "We set the target until 2010 to 3 million kilowatts but it is difficult to achieve together and it is difficult to reconsider various regulations and the fishery right does not become an obstacle to installation The offshore offshore wind power generation that can be installed in places of several tens of kilometers deep into the water There was also an opinion that technology development should be hurried. In addition, an increase in the target number of introduction of the RPS method was also examined.

There are cases where large-scale wind power generator makers in Japan increase their production in response to demand increase both inside and outside and export actively. Industry organizations can introduce 7.6 million kW in 2020 (of which 1.4 million kW for offshore) and 11.8 million kW in 2030 (of which 5.6 million kW for offshore) can be introduced. In addition, the target of 20 million kW (land 700 mW, offshore 13 MW) in 2030 is being considered as a more aggressive incorporation of future technology development. In the 2030 energy mix shown by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in 2015, the target of wind power generation was 10 million kw including offshore wind power of 820,000 kW.

Task

Impact on health
Complaints from residents living near the windmill (see next section) mostly concerns the influence on sleep. The Ministry of the Environment conducts an epidemiological survey on sleeping effects for 747 residents around 34 wind farms around the country and 332 residents in the control area. The influence of sleeping due to windmill noise is often chronic, which directly leads to a disease called "sleep disorder (environmental sleep disorder)" caused by windmill noise. According to the survey results of the Ministry of the Environment, the relationship between the prevalence of environmental sleep disorder and the noise level of wind turbine noise was analyzed and the relationship with the noise level is shown. According to it, a statistically significant rise in sleep disorder prevalence has been detected in areas with outdoor noise level of wind turbine noise of 41 dB or more. Regarding the effects of windmill noise on sleep, numerous epidemiological findings, including systematic reviews and meta-analyzes, have been reported.

The Ministry of the Environment shows guidelines for evaluating the influence of wind turbine noise in May 2017. In the report of the study meeting that was the basis of the guidelines, some epidemiological surveys carried out by the Ministry of the Environment itself have been cited, but "Windmill noise is a possibility of causing sleeping effects associated with troublesome (anoyuans) Although there is little possibility that it directly affects human health ". By inserting the word "directly" the conclusion that misunderstanding that windmill noise is "the possibility of affecting human health is low" is stated. Although it can be said that sleep disorder due to windmill noise occurs via perception of sound and it can be said that it has no direct influence, pollution diseases such as Minamata disease caused by fish and shellfish and atmosphere and Yokkaichi asthma are also included , It is a characteristic of pollution diseases that indirectly cause health effects. Despite the fact that direct and indirect are not important for causal judgment of pollution diseases, we excluded sleeping effects due to windmill noise from "direct health effects", denying the causal relation between windmill noise and health effects.

After the Ministry of the Environment has issued guidelines, there is a reply from the business operator that "the possibility of direct impact on human health is low", but this response includes diseases such as sleeping effects due to windmill noise and environmental trouble sleeping disorders Note that it does not contain.

Impact on the living environment
Occurred from a windmill installed close to the house, neighboring residents complained about complaints and health injuries, and the Ministry of the Environment has sought to investigate. Additionally, addition to the environmental assessment target project was examined in 2009 in terms of legislative system.

On 29th March 2010, the Ministry of the Environment measured noises and low frequency sounds characterized by 160 to 200 Hz in a residence 350 m from wind power generation facilities in Tahara City, Aichi Prefecture, and about 210 m and 240 m in Ikata Town, Ehime Prefecture We also announced that 31.5 Hz and 160 to 200 Hz were measured in two separate houses too. Also on October 7, 2010, "Survey on Actual Conditions of Noise and Low Frequency Sounds" was announced, and questionnaires were obtained from 186 enterprises in 40 prefectures exceeding output of 20 kW, 25 complaints continued, complaints concluded 39 cases, totaling 64 places announced that there were complaints of noise and low frequency sound. According to the summary result by output / distance, the proportion of continuing complaints is 36% in the range of 300 to 600 m, 29% in the range of 600 to 900 m for the single machine output of 2000 to 2500 kW with many information obtained at that time, , And it was 20% at 900 ~ 1200 m. In the range of 300 to 600 m, the proportion of continuous complaints has risen remarkably as the output of single unit increases. In this survey, since we investigated the existence of complaints only for the house closest to the windmill, the rate of complaints occurrence in dwellings exceeding 1200 m is unknown. In the environmental assessment, quoting the results of this survey, businesses' responses such as "there are no continuing complaints beyond 1200 m" are incorrect.

Impact on ecosystem
Since wind power generation is outside the application of the Environmental Impact Assessment Law (Environmental Assessment Law) in Japan, preliminary surveys also rely on the voluntary efforts of business operators, and there are also many insufficient environmental impact assessments. In addition, preliminary survey tends to qualitatively predict literature and other examples, making accurate evaluation difficult. Evaluation based on highly accurate data is often obtained only by a post-survey after installing the windmill. Therefore, some prefectures have established environmental standards by their own ordinance (see Bird Strike # Wind Power Generation Facilities).

Landscape
Aoyama Takahara Wind Farm (60 units, 91 units in Aoyama plateau as a whole) There are voices where tourism resources decline due to tree cutting accompanying construction and deterioration of landscape due to the turbulence of large wind turbines, like a hill and wind hill park. Meanwhile, there is a movement to make a majestic sight of a large windmill forest as a new tourist resource, for example wind power plants in Horonobe-cho, Hokkaido (28) are popular with touring riders.

Moreover, while the Ministry of the Environment is positioned as actively promoting wind power generation, regarding the location in the natural park, examination criteria are examined by establishing a study group on how to install wind power generation facilities, and at the present time the preventive position We are taking a generally cautious stance from. Regarding this, many opinions are asked for deregulation with public comment etc, and as in other countries, there is always room for discussion. As a public installation standard, the Natural Park Law Enforcement Regulation was partially revised in the spring of 2004, and it was enforced on April 1 of the same year.

Policy issues
Renewable energy purchase system
Since renewable energy other than hydroelectric power is orders of magnitude less diffuse than existing thermal power plants and nuclear power plants and it is disadvantageous in terms of price competitiveness, etc., there are some forms of grant renewable energy such as introduction of carbon tax We need measures (see Renewable Energy # Diffusion Policy).

The RPS law, which has been held in Japan, is a method that obliges electric power companies to introduce them at a fixed rate and is classified as a fixed frame (quota or green certificate trading) system. Although this method shows a certain effect at the beginning of the introduction, it has been pointed out that disadvantages such as the fact that the risk of the power generation company side is high in actual results in each country, and the substantial reduction effect of the power generation cost is low. As a result, even in the UK where wind conditions are considered good, diffusion does not proceed, cost has stopped high, etc. As a result, initial objectives have not been achieved. In addition, under the existing system in Japan, electric power companies also showed a negative attitude towards purchasing wind power generation by giving priority to their own existing power supply, which is advantageous in terms of power procurement cost, and the opportunity for entry by wind power companies is set by a power company Problems such as being limited by bordered frames and irregular bidding have been pointed out. In 2008 Kyushu Electric Power announced expansion of the introduction frame.

On the other hand, the fixed price buying system (FIT system), which is increasingly adopted, obligates electric power companies to purchase electricity and legally guarantees the purchase price, thereby reducing the risk of the power generation businesses. While introducing the quantity promptly according to the market principle, the slower installing company gradually reduces the purchase price, adjusts the total cost, and encourages competition among equipment manufacturers. It is said that introduction promotion and cost reduction effect are high for the other methods from the past record, and it is now adopted by many countries in Europe. For this reason, civil society organizations have submitted opinions to introduce and consider in Japan too. Political parties and administrations also moved, following the introduction of a new purchasing system for photovoltaic power generation in 2009, introduction of other renewable energy including wind power was also considered and introduced from 2012 Fixed price buying system # see Japan).

Subsidies dependence issue
Japan's wind power generation has been promoted based on subsidies from the Special Energy Countermeasure, but as of 2010, 60% of the wind power generation is in the red. Direct cause is due to institutional destruction due to lightning strike and lack of availability due to lack of air volume, but due to the lack of cost consciousness of developing companies and local governments relying on national aid, is there.

In response to such a situation, the government's administrative reform conference showed that subsidies were not effectively utilized, and called for reduction of budget.

Preliminary survey and power generation forecast
In Japan, long-term power generation forecasting is possible in advance by implementing wind condition survey by NEDO etc., development of prediction technology, accumulation of actual data. Also, in actual installation, actual measurement using wind turbines for measurement and simulation based on peripheral terrain are also used. The annual variation in the annual total power generation amount is reported to be about ± 2 to 10% by the survey over 10 to 15 years, and if the wind condition investigation is carried out sufficiently, the risk of the wind regime seen in the long term is In many cases it does not cause problems in business.

In the case of incompleteness in the wind condition survey, the amount of electricity generation is smaller than the original forecast, and there are cases where it is in the red. In a famous example, Tsukuba city entrusted to Waseda University and the amount of windmill power set up for 300 million yen at elementary school etc was considerably less than expected due to the preliminary wind condition prediction being sweet It evolved into a lawsuit.

Although it is difficult to move parts driven into the ground, for example, when the situation is such that it does not deserve to continue operation due to circumstances such as the amount of electricity generation falling below the forecast, or when replacing with a more sophisticated model, the wind power prime mover at the top Basically it can be relocated or resold. In recent years the used market for wind power generators has also expanded in Europe and elsewhere.

Wind power plant in Japan

Wind power plant with total output of 10 MW (10,000 kW) or more
Name of power plantlocationTotal outputBusiness owner
Wind farm with no surpriseWakkanai, Hokkaido14,850 kWPower supply development
Soya Cape Wind Farm57,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Otonglui wind farmHoronobe-cho, Hokkaido21,000 kWHoronobe wind power generation
Tomamae Green Hill Wind Park (Tomamae Wind Farm)Tomamae-cho, Hokkaido20,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Tomamae Winvilla Power Station30,600 kWPower supply development
JEN Kunitomori Wind FarmNemuro, Hokkaido10,000 kWEnex Power
Date Wind FarmDate, Hokkaido10,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Date Golden Wind Farm34,000 kW
Yuta Wind Power StationShutosho cho Hokkaido14,550 kWKusatsu-machi
Setana Rinkai Wind Power StationHokkaido Senta Town12,000 kWPower supply development
Ueno Wind FarmHokkaido Kamonokuni cho28,000 kWPower supply development
Esashi Wind Power StationEsashi Town, Hokkaido21,000 kWEsdag Wind Power
Esburg Wind Farm19,500 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Ooma Wind Power StationOma-machi Aomori Prefecture19,500 kWPower supply development
Iwaya Wind ParkHigashidō village in Aomori27,000 kWEco Power
Iwaya Wind Farm32,500 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Blunt Wind Farm19,250 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Odanosawa Wind Farm13,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Euras Hitz Kitanozawa cliff wind farm12,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Mutsu Ogawara wind farmRokkasho village in Aomori Prefecture31,500 kWEco Power
Rokke village wind power plant · Second wind power plant32,850 kWJapan Wind Power Development
Rokkasho village Niba wind farm51,000 kW
Mutorya Wind Power Station10,000 kWAomori wind power development
Fukigoshi Terrace Wind Power Development Center20,000 kWJapan Wind Power Development
Soyoda Wind FarmYokohama Town Aomori Prefecture10,500 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Nobeki Wind FarmAomori Prefecture Nozomi cho50,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Ichiura Wind Power StationAomori Prefecture Goshogawara shi15,440 kWKuroshio Wind Power Generation
Fukaura wind power plantFukaura Town, Aomori Prefecture20,700 kWWest wing wind power generation
Green Power Kazumaki Wind Power StationIwate Prefecture Kuzumaki Town21,000 kWPower supply development
Kamaishi wide wind farmIwate Prefecture Kamaishi City , Tono City , Otsuchi Town42, 900 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Noshiro Wind Power StationNoshiro City, Akita Prefecture14,400 kWTohoku Electric Power Co.
Hakuzu wind farmMikamachi, Akita Prefecture25,500 kWM wins
Oga Wind Power StationAkita- shi Oga-shi28,800 kWOga Wind Power Generation
Akita Harbor Wind FarmAkita City, Akita Prefecture18,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Nishigami Wind FarmYurihonjo city, Akita prefecture30,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Yuri Highland Wind Farm51,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Yurihonso Coastal wind power plant16, 100 kWPower supply development
Nigahara Takahara wind power plantNakaho-shi, Akita-ken24, 750 kWPower supply development
Yusa Wind Power StationYusa Town Yamagata Prefecture14,560 kWShonai wind power generation
JRE Sakata Wind Power StationSakata City, Yamagata Prefecture16,000 kWJapan · Renewable · Energy
Koriyama Kobei Takahara Wind Power StationKoriyama city Fukushima prefecture65, 980 kWPower supply development
Hayama Highland Wind Power StationTamura city , Fukushima prefecture · Kawauchi village28,000 kWPower supply development
Takine Koijin Wind FarmFukushima-ken Tamura-shi / Iwaki-shi46,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Aizu Wakamatsu wind farmAizuwakamatsu City, Fukushima Prefecture16,000 kWEco Power
Satomi Wind FarmHitachiota City, Ibaraki Prefecture10,020 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Summit Wind Power Kashima Power StationKashima city, Ibaraki prefecture20,000 kWSummit Wind Power
Hazaki Wind FarmKamisu city, Ibaraki prefecture15,000 kWEco Power
Kamisu Wind Power Station10,000 kWMitsuroko Green Energy
Wind / Power Kamisu 1st offshore wind farm14,000 kWKomatsuzaki city development
Wind / Power Kamisu 2nd offshore wind farm16,000 kW
Choshi wind farmChoshi City, Chiba Prefecture10,500 kWEco Power
Choshi Wind Power Station13,500 kWJapan Wind Power Development
JEN Tennoin Wind FarmTennai City, Niigata Prefecture20,000 kWEnex Power
Suzu Wind Power StationSuzu City, Ishikawa Prefecture45,000 kWJapan Wind Power Development
Wajima Community Wind FarmWajima-shi, Ishikawa20,000 kWNoto Community Wind Power
Fukuura wind power plantShiga Town, Ishikawa Prefecture21,600 kWJapan Sea power generation
Magome peak wind power plantNanao city, Ishikawa prefecture15,000 kWHokuriku Power Station
Awara Kitagawa wind power plantAwara City, Fukui Prefecture20,000 kWPower supply development
Izu Thermal River Wind FarmHigashiizu-cho, Shizuoka Prefecture15,000 kWClean Energy Factory
Higashi Izu wind farmHigashi Izu-machi , Shizuoka prefecture · Kawazu-machi18,370 kWTokyo Electric Power Company
Kawazu wind farmKawazu-cho, Shizuoka Prefecture16,700 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Iroyazaki wind farmMinamiizu-cho, Shizuoka Prefecture34,000 kWPower supply development
Omaezaki Wind Power StationOmaezaki City, Shizuoka Prefecture22,000 kWChubu Electric Power Company
Enshu Kakegawa Wind Power StationKakegawa City Shizuoka prefecture15,970 kWKuroshio Wind Power Generation
Hamamatsu wind farmHamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture20,000 kWFuso wind power generation
Tahara Coastal Wind Power StationTahara City, Aichi Prefecture22,000 kWPower supply development
Atsumi Wind Power Station10,500 kWJapan Wind Power Development
Aoyama Takahara Wind Power StationMie Prefecture Tsu city · Iga city15,000 kWAoyama Highland Wind Farm
Shin Aoyama Highland Wind Power Station80,000 kW
Wind Park Kaori38,000 kWSea tec
Windpark MisatoMie Prefecture Tsu city16,000 kW
Okinawa Wind FarmMie Prefecture Deguchi Town28,000 kWEco Power
Awaji Wind Power StationAwaji-shi, Hyōgo Prefecture12,000 kWKansai Electric Power Company
South Awaji Wind FarmMinami-Awaji-shi, Hyōgo Prefecture37,500 kWClean Energy Factory
Arita River Wind FarmAritagawa Town , Wakayama prefecture · Hainan City · Arita City13,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Hirokawa · Hidakagawa wind farmWakayama prefecture Hirokawa cho , Aridagawa cho20,000 kWEco Power
Hirokawa Akishama Wind Power StationWakayama prefecture Hirokawa cho , Yura cho16,000 kWGas and power
Yura Wind Power StationYura cho Wakayama prefecture10,000 kWGas and power
Hakuba Wind FarmHidakagawa Town, Wakayama Prefecture30,000 kWGolden brown
Hojo sand dune wind farmHokuei Town Tottori ken13,500 kWHokuei Town
Tohaku Wind Power StationKotora-machi Tottori ken19,500 kWJapan Wind Power Development
New Izumo Wind FarmIzumo City, Shimane prefecture78,000 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Ezu East Wind Farm Wind Power StationGotsu Shimane Prefecture22,000 kWChina Wind Power
Ezu Koyasan wind farm20,700 kWShimane Prefecture
Wind Farm HamadaHamada-shi, Shimane Prefecture48, 430 kWGreen Power Investment
Shirataki mountain wind farmYamaguchi ken Shimonoseki50,000 kWGolden brown
CEF Toyokawa Wind Farm25,000 kWClean Energy Factory
Toyoura Wind Power Station20,000 kWFuso wind power generation
Okawara Wind FarmTokushima city, Tokushima prefecture19,500 kWEurus Energy Holdings
Seto Wind Hill Power StationIkata-cho, Ehime Prefecture11,000 kWSeto Wind Hill
Misaki Wind Park20,000 kWMisaki Wind Power
Iyo Wind Farm18,000 kWEco Power
Minami Ehime Wind Power StationUwajima-shi, Ehime Prefecture28,500 kWPower supply development
Hayama wind power plantTsuno cho Kochi Prefecture20,000 kWGas and power
Otsuki Wind FarmOtsuki Town, Kochi Prefecture12,000 kWGreen Power Investment
Hibikinada Wind Power StationKitakyushu, Fukuoka Prefecture15,000 kWJapan Wind Power Development

Source from Wikipedia

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