Concept and etymology
From the time of the Achaemenid Empire, the idea of an earthly paradise spread through Persian literature and example to other cultures, both the Hellenistic gardens of the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemies in Alexandria. The Avestan word pairidaēza-, Old Persian *paridaida-,[note 1] Median *paridaiza- (walled-around, i.e., a walled garden), was borrowed from Semitic: Akkadian pardesu (in Semitic it means cool weather, shaded place), variants of the Akkadian word found its way into Greek Ancient Greek: παράδεισος, translit. parádeisos, then rendered into the Latin paradīsus, and from there entered into European languages, e.g., French paradis, German Paradies, and English paradise. It also evolvedTemplate:29 January 2018 in Semitic languages, such as Hebrew (pardes), and Arabic (firdaws).
As the word expresses, such gardens would have been enclosed. The garden's purpose was, and is, to provide a place for protected relaxation in a variety of manners: spiritual, and leisurely (such as meetings with friends), essentially a paradise on earth. The Common Iranian word for "enclosed space" was *pari-daiza- (Avestan pairi-daēza-), a term that was adopted by Christian mythology to describe the garden of Eden or Paradise on earth.
The garden's construction may be formal (with an emphasis on structure) or casual (with an emphasis on nature), following several simple design rules. This allows a maximization, in terms of function and emotion, of what may be done in the garden.
History
Persian gardens may originate as early as 4000 BCE.[dubious – discuss][verification needed] Decorated pottery of that time displays the typical cross plan of the Persian garden. The outline of Pasargadae, built around 500 BCE, is viewable today.
During the reign of the Sasanian Empire (third to seventh century), and under the influence of Zoroastrianism, water in art grew increasingly important. This trend manifested itself in garden design, with greater emphasis on fountains and ponds in gardens.
During the Islamic occupation, the aesthetic aspect of the garden increased in importance, overtaking utility. During this time, aesthetic rules that govern the garden grew in importance. An example of this is the chahār bāgh (چهارباغ), a form of garden that attempts to emulate the Garden of Eden, with four rivers and four quadrants that represent the world. The design sometimes extends one axis longer than the cross-axis, and may feature water channels that run through each of the four gardens and connect to a central pool.
The invasion of Persia by the Mongols in the thirteenth century led to a new emphasis on highly ornate structure in the garden. Examples of this include tree peonies and chrysanthemums.[clarification needed] The Mongols then carried a Persian garden tradition to other parts of their empire (notably India).
Babur introduced the Persian garden to India. The now unkempt Aram Bagh, Agra was the first of many Persian gardens he created. The Taj Mahal embodies the Persian concept of an ideal paradise garden.
The Safavid dynasty (seventeenth to eighteenth century) built and developed grand and epic layouts that went beyond a simple extension to a palace and became an integral aesthetic and functional part of it. In the following centuries, European garden design began to influence Persia, particularly the designs of France, and secondarily that of Russia and the United Kingdom. Western influences led to changes in the use of water and the species used in bedding.
Traditional forms and style are still applied in modern Iranian gardens. They also appear in historic sites, museums and affixed to the houses of the rich.
Elements of the Persian garden
Sunlight and its effects were an important factor of structural design in Persian gardens. Textures and shapes were specifically chosen by architects to harness the light.
Iran's dry heat makes shade important in gardens, which would be nearly unusable without it. Trees and trellises largely feature as biotic shade; pavilions and walls are also structurally prominent in blocking the sun.
The heat also makes water important, both in the design and maintenance of the garden. Irrigation may be required, and may be provided via a form of underground tunnel called a qanat, that transports water from a local aquifer. Well-like structures then connect to the qanat, enabling the drawing of water. Alternatively, an animal-driven Persian well would draw water to the surface. Such wheel systems also moved water around surface water systems, such as those in the chahar bāgh style. Trees were often planted in a ditch called a juy, which prevented water evaporation and allowed the water quick access to the tree roots.
The Persian style often attempts to integrate indoors with outdoors through the connection of a surrounding garden with an inner courtyard. Designers often place architectural elements such as vaulted arches between the outer and interior areas to open up the divide between them.
Sunlight
An important factor in the structural design of Persian gardens are sunlight and light effects. Architects tame sunlight by shaping patterns and shapes from the rays of light.
Shadow
Due to the hot climate of Iran shadow places in the garden are desired. Trees and bushes are natural shade donors, often pavilions and walls are used to protect against strong sun. Experienced architects create special effects through shadow play.
Water
Since there are very dry areas in addition to the many forests in Iran, water is particularly important. Qanate or springs irrigate the entire garden. It is believed that the technique of Qanate, whose tunnels pass under the groundwater level, is several thousand years old. The garden itself is often traversed by water channels. Such are to be found in the garden type Chahar Bāgh. Trees are often planted in water-filled trenches, called Dschub, which prevent evaporation and provide the tree roots with sufficient water.
Building
In addition to arches, masonry and magnificent buildings are pavilions in many gardens. Their name Koschk (also Arabic كشك, DMG košk ) has moved into German as a " kiosk ".
Descriptions
An early description (from the first half of the fourth century BCE) of a Persian garden is found in Xenophon's Oeconomicus in which he has Socrates relate the story of the Spartan general Lysander's visit to the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger, who shows the Greek his "paradise at Sardis". In this story Lysander is "astonished at the beauty of the trees within, all planted at equal intervals, the long straight rows of waving branches, the perfect regularity, the rectangular symmetry of the whole, and the many sweet scents which hung about them as they paced the park"
The oldest representational descriptions and illustrations of Persian gardens come from travelers who reached Iran from the west. These accounts include Ibn Battuta in the fourteenth century, Ruy González de Clavijo in the fifteenth century and Engelbert Kaempfer in the seventeenth century. Battuta and Clavijo made only passing references to gardens and did not describe their design, but Kaempfer made careful drawings and converted them into detailed engravings after his return to Europe. They show chahar bāgh type gardens that featured an enclosing wall, rectangular pools, an internal network of canals, garden pavilions and lush planting. There are surviving examples of this garden type at Yazd (Dowlatabad) and at Kashan (Fin Garden). The location of the gardens Kaempfer illustrated in Isfahan can be identified.
Styles
The six primary styles of the Persian garden may be seen in the following table, which puts them in the context of their function and style. Gardens are not limited to a particular style, but often integrate different styles, or have areas with different functions and styles.
Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with heavy emphasis on aesthetics over function. Man-made structures in the garden are particularly important, with arches and pools (which may be used to bathe). The ground is often covered in gravel flagged with stone. Plantings are typically very simple - such as a line of trees, which also provide shade.
Hajat
Public Hajats are classically designed with a special focus on aesthetics, while the function is rather neglected. Structures are important in this type. Arches and pools complete the natural growth of the garden. The soil is usually covered with gravel. The planting is usually very simple. For example, simple rows of trees serve as shade dispensers.
Private Hajats often have a pool of water in their midst. This serves as the center and moisturizer. Again, the plant world is rather simple.
Meidan
This public garden places more emphasis on the natural elements than the Hajat and minimizes structural elements. The plant species are diverse. Trees, bushes and flowers are surrounded by grasses. Here, too, gravel paths lead through the green areas to pools. Occasionally gazebos also protect against strong sun.
Chāhār Bāgh
Cyrus the Great is traditionally considered the inventor of the Tschāhār Bāgh type. These gardens are defined by their structure. They consist of four quadrants separated by paths or watercourses. In these gardens, the relationship between building and green is balanced. Plants surround pools, paths or canals. Traditionally, Chāhār-Bāgh gardens have a representative function.
park
The Persian Park offers the public a rich flora. Structural elements are rare, because the function of a park is primarily the recreation. This garden type is similar to European parks.
Bagh
This garden type is quite similar to the park, but mostly belonging to private houses. It is used for family recreation and consists of grassy areas, trees, flowerbeds, occasionally water courses. Bagh is comparable to European home gardens.
Privately, these gardens are often pool-centred and, again, structural. The pool serves as a focus and source of humidity for the surrounding atmosphere. There are few plants, often due to the limited water available in urban areas.
Meidān
This is a public, formal garden that puts more emphasis on the biotic element than the hayāt and that minimises structure. Plants range from trees, to shrubs, to bedding plants, to grasses. Again, there are elements such as a pool and gravel pathways which divide the lawn. When structures are used, they are often built, as in the case of pavilions, to provide shade.
Chahar Bāgh
These gardens are private and formal. The basic structure consists of four quadrants divided by waterways or pathways. Traditionally, the rich used such gardens in work-related functions (such as entertaining ambassadors). These gardens balance structure with greenery, with the plants often around the periphery of a pool and path based structure.
Park
Much like many other parks, the Persian park serves a casual public function with emphasis on plant life. They provide pathways and seating, but are otherwise usually limited in terms of structural elements. The purpose of such places is relaxation and socialisation.
Bāgh
Like the other casual garden, the park, bāgh emphasizes the natural and green aspect of the garden. Unlike the park it is a private area often affixed to houses and often consisting of lawns, trees, and ground plants. The waterways and pathways stand out less than in the more formal counterparts and are largely functional. The primary function of such areas is familial relaxation.
Reception
Early on, the medical word for garden came into Jewish-Christian mythology as a name for paradise.
Babur introduced the Central Asian Timurid Garden in India. The now defunct garden of Aram Bagh in Agra was the first of many gardens he created. The Persian ideal of a paradisiac garden was realized in the grounds of the Taj Mahal.
For Persian literature, for the art of carpet weaving, the Persian architecture, but also for the Persian painting art garden scenes are typical. For example, large parts of the love epics of Nezāmi play in gardens. The poems of Hafis use the garden flowers as a stylistic device.
Goethe writes about Persian gardens:
"Grave your field with the graceful purity
That the sun likes to bite its diligence;
If you plant trees, let them be in rows,
for they let orderable things flourish.
Also the water can
never be missing in canals, never on the run, never on the pure. "
Nowadays the Persian garden has almost been forgotten under the simplistic simplification of the "oriental" garden.
World Heritage Sites
Pasargad Garden at Pasargadae, Iran (WHS 1372-001)
Eram Garden, Shiraz, Iran (WHS 1372-002)
Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan, Iran (WHS 1372-003)
Fin Garden, Kashan, Iran (WHS 1372-004)
Abbasabad Garden, Abbasabad, Mazandaran, Iran (WHS 1372-005)
Shazdeh Garden, Mahan, Kerman Province, Iran (WHS 1372-006)
Dolatabad Garden, Yazd, Iran (WHS 1372-007)
Pahlevanpour Garden, Iran (WHS 1372-008)
Akbarieh Garden, South Khorasan Province, Iran (WHS 1372-009)
Taj Mahal, Agra, India (WHS 252)
Humayun's Tomb, New Delhi, India (WHS 232bis)
Shalimar Gardens, Lahore, Pakistan (WHS 171-002)
Gardens of Babur, Kabul, Afghanistan (WHS —)
Generalife, Granada, Spain (WHS 314-001)
Source From Wikipedia
没有评论:
发表评论