The period of maximum flowering of this style was in the period of Stephen III of Moldavia. The Moldavian monasteries which belongs to the UNESCO heritage are made in this style.
Characteristics of architecture in Moldova
rectangular or triconic plane
the interior includes the altar, the nave, the tomb room and the pronaos
the rooms are separated by thick walls, generally without columns
a single tower placed after the Moldovan system
raising the vaults inside by overlapping the crosshairs
rich outdoor decor
History
Moldovan statehood
On the territory of Moldova, the settlements of Trypillian culture (3 - the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC), the monuments of Thracian culture (from the 9th century BC), the Chernyakhiv culture (II-IV centuries AD) were unearthed. ), Slavic tribes (from the VI century AD). Slavic cities (from the 10th to 11th centuries) had wood-earth and stone-earth fortifications ( Ekimoutskoe hillfort , Alchedar ).
The Moldovan principality
Forty Fortress
After the formation of the Moldavian principality in 1359, architecture began to develop intensively. Mostly fortresses and fortified monasteries were built. Belgorod-Dnestrovskaya , Bendery , Sorokskaya and Khotinskaya and other fortresses have been preserved. Of great interest is the historical and archaeological complex of Old Orhei , where traces of buildings from different periods are preserved. Wooden church buildings of medieval Moldavia have not reached our days. The preserved stone churches (Holy Trinity in Siret and St. Nicholas in Radauti ) are beautiful examples of Moldovan architecture, which was widespread until the beginning of the 20th century.
Under Stefan the Great , towns with fortresses and landings develop, they are walled, wooden and earthen fortifications are replaced by stone ones. Constructed churches and monasteries, characterized by strict design and original furniture. The local three-part cross-shaped type of the Orthodox 1- nave unceless temple with the porch, the central part and the apse (the Assumption Church in Causeni , the 16th-18th centuries) or with the three apical formations forming the trefoil (the Church of the Assumption in Capriansky Monastery , the middle of the 16th century) . Door apertures are lancet. In the details of the buildings of churches and their decorative design, a Gothic influence is felt that penetrated into Moldavia from Transylvania and Poland . From the XV-XVI centuries. in the churches there were tombs with niches in the walls. Appears and original design - "Moldovan dome", consisting of two tiers of arches, where the upper arches support the drum at an angle of 45 ° in relation to the lower (the church of the monastery Rud , 1774 ). Outside, the temples were decorated with flat niches and arched bands. Moldavian religious architecture is also distinguished by its unique appearance, which was achieved by the use of colored tiles in the exterior and the alternation of stone and brickwork. Since the XVI century, the outer walls of the churches were decorated with bright colored frescoes on biblical themes (monasteries Voronets , Moldovitsa). The churches of that period were crowned by high peaked roofs with a large outward cornice. In the XVII century in the design of churches began to use carvings on the stone (the church of the monasteries of the Three Saints in Iasi and Dragomirna), which spread under the influence of Russian and Armenian architecture.
The second half of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII centuries. characterized by the rise of Moldovan architecture. Then the Assumption Church in Causeni and the Dmitriev church in Orhei were built. Preserved and wooden churches of the XVIII-XIX centuries. in the villages of Gorodishche, Vornicheny, Rotunda, etc. They usually have a rectangular or 8-gang roofed tent. The oldest Chisinau churches are also interesting: the Mazarakiev Church ( 1752 ), the Church of Constantine and Helen ( 1777 ), the Armenian ( 1803 ), the Annunciation ( 1807 - 1810 ), Kharlambievskaya ( 1812 ) and Georgievskaya ( 1818 ).
On the territory of modern Moldova, there are about 20 monastic complexes, monasteries, cave churches: Tipovo , Zhabka , Hincu , Capriana , Gyrbovets , Kurki , Saharna , Rud , Tabor , Bekirovka mountain, cave monastery near Butuchen , Kitsan monastery .
Civil buildings of the XIV-XV centuries. - The palaces, baths - were wooden or earth-shattered, and later stone. There were built of stone and brick. By the end of the 18th century, there was a type of urban and rural house - mostly tripartite, often with an outside porch. In the XVIII century spread the style of baroque , which experienced a significant influence of the Russian Baroque . Architectural forms of Russian classicism also penetrated to Moldova. On a number of buildings of the XIX century there are Ukrainian domes.
Dependence on the Ottoman Empire and numerous wars did not contribute to the development of medieval Moldovan cities.
Bessarabia within Russia
After the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, intensive urban growth began. Cities are built up by a rectangular grid of streets, with the participation of famous architects of Russian classicism, for example AI Melnikov , significant architectural ensembles in the style of classicism are created.
In the cities of the XIX - early XX centuries. One-story mansions surrounded by gardens dominated. Among them stood the ceremonial public buildings and churches of stone and brick (Greek church in Chisinau, the end of the XIX century). In rural manors, parks were destroyed ( Tsaulsky near Tyrnov , 1902-15), churches were built ( Upper Kugureşti , Floreshtsky district , 1912-16).
Improvement of Bessarabian cities was especially promoted by the outstanding architect Alexander Bernardazzi . He was the author of the projects of the most significant buildings of the late XIX century, he used elements of Byzantine and Gothic architecture.
Memorial structures are built: the Arch of Victory (1840, architect I. Zaushkevich), the column in memory of the Battle of Cahul ( 1845 , architect F. K. Boffo), a chapel in memory of the campaign of the Russian army liberating Bulgaria from the Ottoman yoke ( 1882 ).
During the time of the Bessarabian province, a large number of administrative buildings were erected in many cities, railway lines were built, and by the beginning of the 20th century the construction of factories and factories began.
Bessarabia in the composition of Romania
In the 1920-30-ies. cities were built up with small mansions of brick and limestone. The most modern mansions were built in the style of " modern ". Large-scale construction was not. The Romanian period was the work of the famous sculptor A. M. Plamadele , who created a monument to the Moldovan ruler Stephen III the Great (bronze, 1927 ).
The Moldavian ASSR
The architecture of the Moldavian ASSR is characterized by active urban development, the construction of multi-apartment houses, public buildings and industrial buildings, and a restrained application of classical forms. The architecture of that period experienced some influence of constructivism .
In 1936 in Tiraspol , the construction of the architectural ensemble of the theater square, which became the center of the city planning, was completed. The buildings of the Moldavian Music and Drama Theater (architect G. M. Gotgelf), the Moldavian Higher Communist Agricultural School (architect DP Kovalenko), the Pedagogical Institute (architect ME Petrov) were built.
The Moldavian SSR
Immediately after the formation of the MSSR in 1940, a plan for construction works was developed in the cities of Moldova, but its implementation was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War , during which most industrial enterprises, administrative and public buildings were destroyed, and the housing stock was significantly damaged.
After the war in Moldova, along with the state, large amounts of individual construction were carried out, which was regulated so that this type of development did not occupy the central zones of cities and did not become an obstacle to their growth. But by the 1960s, in the large cities, as the state building progressed, the individual was restricted or banned.
At the beginning of the post-war period, general plans for the cities of Beltsy , Bendery , Cahul , Chisinau , Orhei , Rybnitsa , Soroki , Tiraspol were worked out. Architects VA Voitsekhovsky, RE Kurts , VP Mednek , P. N Ragulin, VE Kalushina , VF Smirnov, AV Shchusev , planning engineer IM Bubis . The first architectural solutions were of a restoration and reconstructive nature. Construction was conducted in conditions of weak technical equipment of construction organizations and a small variety of building materials. Often used local building stone-shell rock - cat , which gave a certain color to Moldovan cities. However, this stone without strengthening reinforced concrete structures did not meet the anti-seismic requirements, which led to the use of simple architectural compositions. The rapid growth of the population, which caused the need for large-scale construction, gave impetus to the search for methods to reduce the cost of housing construction by unifying parts, typifying planning decisions, etc. Thanks to standard projects of apartment houses, kindergartens, schools, the process of erecting buildings is accelerating, the cost of construction is reduced.
In 1953-64 years. projects are being developed for detailed planning of cities, taking into account economic, transport and other requirements, a transition to the construction of neighborhoods and large quarters, the functional areas for residential areas, industrial enterprises and recreation areas. Since the beginning of the 1960s, urban development has been conducted in free territories ( Botany , Boyukany , Ryshkanovka in Chisinau, Paminteny and Oktyabrsky in Balti, Kolkotovaya Balka in Tiraspol). 4-5-storey houses are being built. By the 1970s, the reserves of these territories had been exhausted, and the construction of 9-, 12-, 24-storey buildings on individual projects, the development of the central zones of cities began.
In the 1970s, the main drawback of buildings of past years began to be eliminated - monotony. There are multi-storey buildings constructed by the method of assembling frames and monolithic structures, block sections are used to create houses of various configurations, monotony of residential quarters is eliminated. Much attention is paid to greening cities, creating parks of culture and recreation, public gardens, green spaces. Large administrative and public buildings are being constructed, including: the House of Government of the Moldavian SSR (1964, architect S. D. Frýdlin ); Palace "Oktombrie" (National Palace), (1978, architect S. D. Frýdlin ); Central Committee of the Communist Party (Parliament of the Republic of Moldova), (1974, architect A. Cherdantsev); Chisinau City Council of parity (1977, architect G. Solominov); Moldavian State Opera and Ballet Theater (1980, architects N. Kurennoy, A. Gorshkov, sculptors V. Novikov, N. Sazhin , B. Dubrovin, D. Dubrovin); Hall of Friendship (Palace of the Republic), (1984, architect N. Zagoretsky), House of Soviets in Bender (architect A. N. Cherdantsev), bus station in Balti (architect I. A. Zagoretsky). Many industrial buildings are being built, and numerous monuments are being erected.
uch attention is paid to the development of Moldovan villages. A specialized design institute was created that developed master plans for the reconstruction of many settlements. In the villages and urban settlements, administrative and public buildings, educational institutions are being built.
Modern architecture
After Moldova gained independence, construction almost completely stopped. However, with time, churches, temples and monasteries are beginning to rebuild, elite houses with expensive apartments and fashionable mansions are being built. New shopping centers ( Fidesco ), gas stations, stadiums ( Sheriff ) are being built, streets are being expanded, monuments and memorial complexes are being restored ( Monuments of Chisinau ).
Source From Wikipedia
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