Jacques-Louis David

Jacques-Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward a classical austerity and severity, heightened feeling harmonizing with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime

David later became an active supporter of the French Revolution and friend of Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794), and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic Imprisoned after Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with yet another political regime upon his release: that of Napoleon, The First Consul of France At this time he developed his Empire style, notable for its use of warm Venetian colours After Napoleon's fall from Imperial power and the Bourbon revival, David exiled himself to Brussels, then in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, where he remained until his death David had a large number of pupils, making him the strongest influence in French art of the early 19th century, especially academic Salon painting

Jacques-Louis David was born into a prosperous family in Paris on 30 August 1748 When he was about nine his father was killed in a duel and his mother left him with his well-off architect uncles They saw to it that he received an excellent education at the Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris, but he was never a good student: he had a facial tumor that impeded his speech, and he was always preoccupied with drawing He covered his notebooks with drawings, and he once said, "I was always hiding behind the instructor's chair, drawing for the duration of the class" Soon, he desired to be a painter, but his uncles and mother wanted him to be an architect He overcame the opposition, and went to learn from François Boucher (1703–1770), the leading painter of the time, who was also a distant relative Boucher was a Rococo painter, but tastes were changing, and the fashion for Rococo was giving way to a more classical style Boucher decided that instead of taking over David's tutelage, he would send David to his friend, Joseph-Marie Vien (1716–1809), a painter who embraced the classical reaction to Rococo There David attended the Royal Academy, based in what is now the Louvre

Each year the Academy awarded an outstanding student the prestigious Prix de Rome, which funded a three- to five-year stay in the Eternal City The culmination of the Academy's educational program, the Rome trip provided its winners the opportunity to study the remains of classical antiquity and the works of the Italian Renaissance masters at first hand Each pensionnaire was lodged in the French Academy's Roman outpost, which from the years 1737 to 1793 was the Palazzo Mancini in the Via del Corso David competed for, and failed to win, the prize for three consecutive years (with Minerva Fighting Mars, Diana and Apollo Killing Niobe's Children and The Death of Seneca), each failure contributing to his lifelong grudge against the institution After his second loss in 1772, David went on a hunger strike, which lasted two and a half days before the faculty encouraged him to continue painting Confident he now had the support and backing needed to win the prize, he resumed his studies with great zeal—only to fail to win the Prix de Rome again the following year Finally, in 1774, David was awarded the Prix de Rome on the strength of his painting of Erasistratus Discovering the Cause of Antiochus' Disease, a subject set by the judges In October 1775 he made the journey to Italy with his mentor, Joseph-Marie Vien, who had just been appointed director of the French Academy at Rome

While in Italy, David especially studied the works of 17th-century masters such as Poussin, Caravaggio, and the Carracci Although he declared, "the Antique will not seduce me, it lacks animation, it does not move", David filled twelve sketchbooks with drawings that he and his studio used as model books for the rest of his life He was introduced to the painter Raphael Mengs (1728–1779), who opposed the tendency in Rococo painting to sweeten and trivialize ancient subjects, advocating instead the rigorous study of classical sources and close adherence to ancient models Mengs' principled, historicizing approach to the representation of classical subjects profoundly influenced David's pre-revolutionary painting, such as The Vestal Virgin, probably from the 1780s Mengs also introduced David to the theoretical writings on ancient sculpture by Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768), the German scholar held to be the founder of modern art history In 1779, David toured the newly excavated ruins of Pompeii, which deepened his belief that the persistence of classical culture was an index of its eternal conceptual and formal power While in Rome, David also assiduously studied the High Renaissance painters, Raphael making a profound and lasting impression on the young French artist

David's fellow students at the academy found him difficult to get along with, but they recognized his genius David's stay at the French Academy in Rome was extended by a year, but in July 1780 he returned to Paris There, he found people ready to use their influence for him, and he was made a member of the Royal Academy He sent the Academy two paintings, and both were included in the Salon of 1781, a high honor He was praised by his famous contemporary painters, but the administration of the Royal Academy was very hostile to this young upstart After the Salon, the King granted David lodging in the Louvre, an ancient and much desired privilege of great artists When the contractor of the King's buildings, M Pécoul, was arranging with David, he asked the artist to marry his daughter, Marguerite Charlotte This marriage brought him money and eventually four children David had his own pupils, about 40 to 50, and was commissioned by the government to paint "Horace defended by his Father", but he soon decided, "Only in Rome can I paint Romans" His father-in-law provided the money he needed for the trip, and David headed for Rome with his wife and three of his students, one of whom, Jean-Germain Drouais (1763–1788), was the Prix de Rome winner of that year

In Rome, David painted his famous Oath of the Horatii, 1784 In this piece, the artist references Enlightenment values while alluding to Rousseau's social contract The republican ideal of the general will becomes the focus of the painting with all three sons positioned in compliance with the father The Oath between the characters can be read as an act of unification of men to the binding of the state The issue of gender roles also becomes apparent in this piece, as the women in Horatii greatly contrast the group of brothers David depicts the father with his back to the women, shutting them out of the oath making ritual; they also appear to be smaller in scale than the male figures The masculine virility and discipline displayed by the men's rigid and confident stances is also severely contrasted to the slouching, swooning female softness created in the other half of the composition Here we see the clear division of male-female attributes that confined the sexes to specific roles under Rousseau's popularized doctrine of "separate spheres"

These revolutionary ideals are also apparent in the Distribution of Eagles While Oath of the Horatii and The Tennis Court Oath stress the importance of masculine self-sacrifice for one's country and patriotism, the Distribution of Eagles would ask for self-sacrifice for one's Emperor (Napoleon) and the importance of battlefield glory

In 1787, David did not become the Director of the French Academy in Rome, which was a position he wanted dearly The Count in charge of the appointments said David was too young, but said he would support him in 6 to 12 years This situation would be one of many that would cause him to lash out at the Academy in years to come

For the Salon of 1787, David exhibited his famous Death of Socrates "Condemned to death, Socrates, strong, calm and at peace, discusses the immortality of the soul Surrounded by Crito, his grieving friends and students, he is teaching, philosophizing, and in fact, thanking the God of Health, Asclepius, for the hemlock brew which will ensure a peaceful death The wife of Socrates can be seen grieving alone outside the chamber, dismissed for her weakness Plato is depicted as an old man seated at the end of the bed" Critics compared the Socrates with Michelangelo's Sistine Ceiling and Raphael's Stanze, and one, after ten visits to the Salon, described it as "in every sense perfect" Denis Diderot said it looked like he copied it from some ancient bas-relief The painting was very much in tune with the political climate at the time For this painting, David was not honored by a royal "works of encouragement"


For his next painting, David created The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons The work had tremendous appeal for the time Before the opening of the Salon, the French Revolution had begun The National Assembly had been established, and the Bastille had fallen The royal court did not want propaganda agitating the people, so all paintings had to be checked before being hung David's portrait of Lavoisier, who was a chemist and physicist as well as an active member of the Jacobin party, was banned by the authorities for such reasons When the newspapers reported that the government had not allowed the showing of The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, the people were outraged, and the royals were forced to give in The painting was hung in the exhibition, protected by art students The painting depicts Lucius Junius Brutus, the Roman leader, grieving for his sons Brutus's sons had attempted to overthrow the government and restore the monarchy, so the father ordered their death to maintain the republic Thus, Brutus was the heroic defender of the republic, at the cost of his own family On the right, the Mother holds her two daughters, and the nurse is seen on the far right, in anguish Brutus sits on the left, alone, brooding, seemingly dismissing the dead bodies of his sons Knowing what he did was best for his country, but the tense posture of his feet and toes reveals his inner turmoil The whole painting was a Republican symbol, and obviously had immense meaning during these times in France

In the beginning, David was a supporter of the Revolution, a friend of Robespierre and a member of the Jacobin Club While others were leaving the country for new and greater opportunities, David stayed to help destroy the old order; he was a regicide who voted in the National Convention for the Execution of Louis XVI It is uncertain why he did this,[citation needed] as there were many more opportunities for him under the King than the new order; some people suggest David's love for the classical made him embrace everything about that period, including a republican government

Others believed that they found the key to the artist's revolutionary career in his personality Undoubtedly, David's artistic sensibility, mercurial temperament, volatile emotions, ardent enthusiasm, and fierce independence might have been expected to help turn him against the established order but they did not fully explain his devotion to the republican regime Nor did the vague statements of those who insisted upon his "powerful ambitionand unusual energy of will" actually account for his revolutionary connections Those who knew him maintained that "generous ardor", high-minded idealism and well-meaning though sometimes fanatical enthusiasm, rather than opportunism and jealousy, motivated his activities during this period

Soon, David turned his critical sights on the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture This attack was probably caused primarily by the hypocrisy of the organization and their personal opposition against his work, as seen in previous episodes in David's life The Royal Academy was chock full of royalists, and David's attempt to reform it did not go over well with the members However, the deck was stacked against this symbol of the old regime, and the National Assembly ordered it to make changes to conform to the new constitution

David then began work on something that would later hound him: propaganda for the new republic David's painting of Brutus was shown during the play Brutus, by the famous Frenchman, Voltaire The people responded in an uproar of approval

In 1789, Jacques-Louis David attempted to leave his artistic mark on the historical beginnings of the French Revolution with his painting of The Oath of the Tennis Court David undertook this task not out of personal political conviction but rather because he was commissioned to do so The painting was meant to commemorate the event of the same name but was never completed A meeting of the Estates General was convened in May to address reforms of the monarchy Dissent arose over whether the three estates would meet separately, as had been tradition, or as one body The King's acquiescence with the demands of the upper orders led to the deputies of the Third Estate renaming themselves as the National Assembly on 17 June They were locked out of the meeting hall three days later when they attempted to meet, and forced to reconvene to the royal indoor tennis court Presided over by Jean-Sylvain Bailly, they made a 'solemn oath never to separate' until a national constitution had been created In 1789 this event was seen as a symbol of the national unity against the ancien regime Rejecting the current conditions, the oath signified a new transition in human history and ideology David was enlisted by the Society of Friends of the Constitution, the body that would eventually form the Jacobins, to enshrine this symbolic event

This instance is notable in more ways than one because it eventually led David to finally become involved in politics as he joined the Jacobins The picture was meant to be massive in scale; the figures in the foreground were to be life-sized portraits of the counterparts, including Jean-Sylvain Bailly, the President of the Constituent Assembly Seeking additional funding, David turned to the Society of Friends of the Constitution The funding for the project was to come from over three thousand subscribers hoping to receive a print of the image However, when the funding was insufficient, the state ended up financing the project

David set out in 1790 to transform the contemporary event into a major historical picture which would appear at the Salon of 1791 as a large pen-and-ink drawing As in the Oath of the Horatii, David represents the unity of men in the service of a patriotic ideal The outstretched arms which are prominent in both works betray David's deeply held belief that acts of republican virtue akin to those of the Romans were being played out in France In what was essentially an act of intellect and reason, David creates an air of drama in this work The very power of the people appears to be "blowing" through the scene with the stormy weather, in a sense alluding to the storm that would be the revolution

Symbolism in this work of art closely represents the revolutionary events taking place at the time The figure in the middle is raising his right arm making the oath that they will never disband until they have reached their goal of creating a "constitution of the realm fixed upon solid foundations" The importance of this symbol is highlighted by the fact that the crowd's arms are angled to his hand forming a triangular shape Additionally, the open space in the top half contrasted to the commotion in the lower half serves to emphasize the magnitude of the Tennis Court Oath

Drawing by Jacques-Louis David of the Tennis Court Oath David later became a deputy in the National Convention in 1792
In his attempt to depict political events of the Revolution in "real time", David was venturing down a new and untrodden path in the art world However, Thomas Crow argues that this path "proved to be less a way forward than a cul-de-sac for history painting" Essentially, the history of the demise of David's "The Tennis Court Oath" illustrates the difficulty of creating works of art that portray current and controversial political occurrences Political circumstances in France proved too volatile to allow the completion of the painting The unity that was to be symbolized in "The Tennis Court Oath" no longer existed in radicalized 1792 The National Assembly had split between conservatives and radical Jacobins, both vying for political power By 1792 there was no longer consensus that all the revolutionaries at the tennis court were "heroes" A sizeable number of the heroes of 1789 had become the villains of 1792 In this unstable political climate David's work remained unfinished With only a few nude figures sketched onto the massive canvas, David abandoned "The Oath of the Tennis Court" To have completed it would have been politically unsound After this incident, when David attempted to make a political statement in his paintings, he returned to the less politically charged use of metaphor to convey his message

When Voltaire died in 1778, the church denied him a church burial, and his body was interred near a monastery A year later, Voltaire's old friends began a campaign to have his body buried in the Panthéon, as church property had been confiscated by the French Government In 1791 David was appointed to head the organizing committee for the ceremony, a parade through the streets of Paris to the Panthéon Despite rain, and opposition from conservatives based on the amount of money that was being spent, the procession went ahead Up to 100,000 people watched the "Father of the Revolution" be carried to his resting place This was the first of many large festivals organized by David for the republic He went on to organize festivals for martyrs that died fighting royalists These funerals echoed the religious festivals of the pagan Greeks and Romans and are seen by many as Saturnalian

David incorporated many revolutionary symbols into these theatrical performances and orchestrated ceremonial rituals; in effect radicalizing the applied arts, themselves The most popular symbol for which David was responsible as propaganda minister was drawn from classical Greek images; changing and transforming them with contemporary politics In an elaborate festival held on the anniversary of the revolt that brought the monarchy to its knees, David's Hercules figure was revealed in a procession following the lady Liberty (Marianne) Liberty, the symbol of Enlightenment ideals was here being overturned by the Hercules symbol; that of strength and passion for the protection of the Republic against disunity and factionalism In his speech during the procession, David "explicitly emphasized the opposition between people and monarchy; Hercules was chosen, after all, to make this opposition more evident" The ideals that David linked to his Hercules single-handedly transformed the figure from a sign of the old regime into a powerful new symbol of revolution "David turned him into the representation of a collective, popular power He took one of the favorite signs of monarchy and reproduced, elevated, and monumentalized it into the sign of its opposite" Hercules, the image, became to the revolutionaries, something to rally around

In June 1791, the King made an ill-fated attempt to flee the country, but was apprehended short of his goal on the Austrian Netherlands border and was forced to return under guard to Paris Louis XVI had made secret requests to Emperor Leopold II of Austria, Marie-Antoinette's brother, to restore him to his throne This was granted and Austria threatened France if the royal couple were hurt In reaction, the people arrested the King This led to an Invasion after the trials and execution of Louis and Marie-Antoinette The Bourbon monarchy was destroyed by the French people in 1792—it would be restored after Napoleon, then destroyed again with the Restoration of the House of Bonaparte When the new National Convention held its first meeting, David was sitting with his friends Jean-Paul Marat and Robespierre In the Convention, David soon earned a nickname "ferocious terrorist" Soon, Robespierre's agents discovered a secret vault of the king's proving he was trying to overthrow the government, and demanded his execution The National Convention held the trial of Louis XVI and David voted for the death of the King, causing his wife, a royalist, to divorce him

When Louis XVI was executed on 21 January 1793, another man had already died as well—Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau Le Peletier was killed on the preceding day by a royal bodyguard in revenge for having voted for the death of the King David was called upon to organize a funeral, and he painted Le Peletier Assassinated In it, the assassin's sword was seen hanging by a single strand of horsehair above Le Peletier's body, a concept inspired by the proverbial ancient tale of the sword of Damocles, which illustrated the insecurity of power and position This underscored the courage displayed by Le Peletier and his companions in routing an oppressive king The sword pierces a piece of paper on which is written "I vote the death of the tyrant", and as a tribute at the bottom right of the picture David placed the inscription "David to Le Peletier 20 January 1793" The painting was later destroyed by Le Peletier's royalist daughter, and is known by only a drawing, an engraving, and contemporary accounts Nevertheless, this work was important in David's career because it was the first completed painting of the French Revolution, made in less than three months, and a work through which he initiated the regeneration process that would continue with The Death of Marat, David's masterpiece

On 13 July 1793, David's friend Marat was assassinated by Charlotte Corday with a knife she had hidden in her clothing She gained entrance to Marat's house on the pretense of presenting him a list of people who should be executed as enemies of France Marat thanked her and said that they would be guillotined next week upon which Corday immediately fatally stabbed him She was guillotined shortly thereafter Corday was of an opposing political party, whose name can be seen in the note Marat holds in David's subsequent painting, The Death of Marat Marat, a member of the National Convention and a journalist, had a skin disease that caused him to itch horribly The only relief he could get was in his bath over which he improvised a desk to write his list of suspect counter-revolutionaries who were to be quickly tried and, if convicted, guillotined David once again organized a spectacular funeral, and Marat was buried in the Panthéon Marat's body was to be placed upon a Roman bed, his wound displayed and his right arm extended holding the pen which he had used to defend the Republic and its people This concept was to be complicated by the fact that the corpse had begun to putrefy Marat's body had to be periodically sprinkled with water and vinegar as the public crowded to see his corpse prior to the funeral on 15 and 16 July The stench became so bad however that the funeral had to be brought forward to the evening of 16 July The Death of Marat, perhaps David's most famous painting, has been called the Pietà of the revolution Upon presenting the painting to the convention, he said "Citizens, the people were again calling for their friend; their desolate voice was heard: David, take up your brushes, avenge Marat I heard the voice of the people I obeyed" David had to work quickly, but the result was a simple and powerful image

The Death of Marat, 1793, became the leading image of the Terror and immortalized both Marat and David in the world of the revolution This piece stands today as "a moving testimony to what can be achieved when an artist's political convictions are directly manifested in his work" A political martyr was instantly created as David portrayed Marat with all the marks of the real murder, in a fashion which greatly resembles that of Christ or his disciples The subject although realistically depicted remains lifeless in a rather supernatural composition With the surrogate tombstone placed in front of him and the almost holy light cast upon the whole scene; alluding to an out of this world existence "Atheists though they were, David and Marat, like so many other fervent social reformers of the modern world, seem to have created a new kind of religion" At the very center of these beliefs, there stood the republic


Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine, 16 October 1793 Sketched from a window in the rue Sainte-Honoré while the cart went past
After the King's execution, war broke out between the new Republic and virtually every major power in Europe David, as a member of the Committee of General Security, contributed directly to the Reign of Terror David organized his last festival: the festival of the Supreme Being Robespierre had realized what a tremendous propaganda tool these festivals were, and he decided to create a new religion, mixing moral ideas with the Republic and based on the ideas of Rousseau This process had already begun by confiscating church lands and requiring priests to take an oath to the state The festivals, called fêtes, would be the method of indoctrination On the appointed day, 20 Prairial by the revolutionary calendar, Robespierre spoke, descended steps, and with a torch presented to him by David, incinerated a cardboard image symbolizing atheism, revealing an image of wisdom underneath

Soon, the war began to go well; French troops marched across the southern half of the Netherlands (which would later become Belgium), and the emergency that had placed the Committee of Public Safety in control was no more Then plotters seized Robespierre at the National Convention and he was later guillotined, in effect ending the Reign of Terror As Robespierre was arrested, David yelled to his friend "if you drink hemlock, I shall drink it with you" After this, he supposedly fell ill, and did not attend the evening session because of "stomach pain", which saved him from being guillotined along with Robespierre David was arrested and placed in prison, first from 2 August to 28 December 1794 and then from 29 May to 3 August 1795 There he painted his own portrait, showing him much younger than he actually was, as well as that of his jailer

After David's wife visited him in jail, he conceived the idea of telling the story of The rape of the Sabine women The Sabine Women Enforcing Peace by Running between the Combatants, also called The Intervention of the Sabine Women is said to have been painted to honor his wife, with the theme being love prevailing over conflict The painting was also seen as a plea for the people to reunite after the bloodshed of the revolution

David conceived a new style for this painting, one which he called the "Grecian style", as opposed to the "Roman style" of his earlier historical paintings The new style was influenced heavily by the work of art historian Johann Joachim Winkelmann In David's words, "the most prominent general characteristics of the Greek masterpieces are a noble simplicity and silent greatness in pose as well as in expression"

This work also brought him to the attention of Napoleon The story for the painting is as follows: "The Romans have abducted the daughters of their neighbors, the Sabines To avenge this abduction, the Sabines attacked Rome, although not immediately—since Hersilia, the daughter of Tatius, the leader of the Sabines, had been married to Romulus, the Roman leader, and then had two children by him in the interim Here we see Hersilia between her father and husband as she adjures the warriors on both sides not to take wives away from their husbands or mothers away from their children The other Sabine Women join in her exhortations" During this time, the martyrs of the Revolution were taken from the Pantheon and buried in common ground, and revolutionary statues were destroyed When David was finally released to the country, France had changed His wife managed to get him released from prison, and he wrote letters to his former wife, and told her he never ceased loving her He remarried her in 1796 Finally, wholly restored to his position, he retreated to his studio, took pupils and for the most part, retired from politics

In August 1796, David and many other artists signed a petition orchestrated by Quatremère de Quincy which questioned the wisdom of the planned seizure of works of art from Rome The Director Barras believed that David was "tricked" into signing, although one of David's students recalled that in 1798 his master lamented the fact that masterpieces had been imported from Italy

David's close association with the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror resulted in his signing of the death warrant for Alexandre de Beauharnais, a minor noble Beauharnais's widow, Joséphine, went on to marry Napoleon Bonaparte and became his empress; David himself depicted their coronation in the Coronation of Napoleon and Josephine, 2 December 1804

David had been an admirer of Napoleon from their first meeting, struck by Bonaparte's classical features Requesting a sitting from the busy and impatient general, David was able to sketch Napoleon in 1797 David recorded the face of the conqueror of Italy, but the full composition of Napoleon holding the peace treaty with Austria remains unfinished Bonaparte had high esteem for David, and asked him to accompany him to Egypt in 1798, but David refused, claiming he was too old for adventuring and sending instead his student, Antoine-Jean Gros[citation needed]

After Napoleon's successful coup d'état in 1799, as First Consul he commissioned David to commemorate his daring crossing of the Alps The crossing of the St Bernard Pass had allowed the French to surprise the Austrian army and win victory at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 Although Napoleon had crossed the Alps on a mule, he requested that he be portrayed "calm upon a fiery steed" David complied with Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard After the proclamation of the Empire in 1804, David became the official court painter of the regime During this period he took students, one of whom was the Belgian painter Pieter van Hanselaere

One of the works David was commissioned for was The Coronation of Napoleon in Notre Dame David was permitted to watch the event He had plans of Notre Dame delivered and participants in the coronation came to his studio to pose individually, though never the Emperor (the only time David obtained a sitting from Napoleon had been in 1797) David did manage to get a private sitting with the Empress Joséphine and Napoleon's sister, Caroline Murat, through the intervention of erstwhile art patron Marshal Joachim Murat, the Emperor's brother-in-law For his background, David had the choir of Notre Dame act as his fill-in characters Pope Pius VII came to sit for the painting, and actually blessed David Napoleon came to see the painter, stared at the canvas for an hour and said "David, I salute you" David had to redo several parts of the painting because of Napoleon's various whims, and for this painting, he received twenty-four thousand Francs

On the Bourbons returning to power, David figured in the list of proscribed former revolutionaries and Bonapartists—for having voted execution for the deposed King Louis XVI; and for participating in the death of Louis XVII Mistreated and starved, the imprisoned Louis XVII was forced into a false confession of incest with his mother, Queen Marie-Antoinette This was untrue, as the son was separated from his mother early and was not allowed communication with her, nevertheless, the allegation helped earn her the guillotine The newly restored Bourbon King, Louis XVIII, however, granted amnesty to David and even offered him the position of court painter David refused, preferring self-exile in Brussels There, he trained and influenced Brussels artists like François-Joseph Navez and Ignace Brice, painted Cupid and Psyche and quietly lived the remainder of his life with his wife (whom he had remarried) In that time, he painted smaller-scale mythological scenes, and portraits of citizens of Brussels and Napoleonic émigrés, such as the Baron Gerard

David created his last great work, Mars Being Disarmed by Venus and the Three Graces, from 1822 to 1824 In December 1823, he wrote: "This is the last picture I want to paint, but I want to surpass myself in it I will put the date of my seventy-five years on it and afterwards I will never again pick up my brush" The finished painting—evoking painted porcelain because of its limpid coloration—was exhibited first in Brussels, then in Paris, where his former students flocked to view it

The exhibition was profitable—13,000 francs, after deducting operating costs, thus, more than 10,000 people visited and viewed the painting In his later years, David remained in full command of his artistic faculties, even after a stroke in the spring of 1825 disfigured his face and slurred his speech In June 1825, he resolved to embark on an improved version of his "Anger of Achilles" (also known as the "Sacrifice of Iphigenie"); the earlier version was completed in 1819 and is now in the collection of the Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas David remarked to his friends who visited his studio "this [painting] is what is killing me" such was his determination to complete the work, but by October it must have already been well advanced, as his former pupil Gros wrote to congratulate him, having heard reports of the painting's merits By the time David died, the painting had been completed and the commissioner Ambroise Firmin-Didot brought it back to Paris to include it in the exhibition "Pour les grecs" that he had organised and which opened in Paris in April 1826

When David was leaving a theater, a carriage struck him, and he later died, on 29 December 1825 At his death, some portraits were auctioned in Paris, they sold for little; the famous Death of Marat was exhibited in a secluded room, to avoid outraging public sensibilities Disallowed return to France for burial, for having been a regicide of King Louis XVI, the body of the painter Jacques-Louis David was buried in Brussels and moved in 1882 to Brussels Cemetery, while some say his heart was buried with his wife at Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris David was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1803 He was promoted to an Officier in 1808 And, in 1815, he was promoted to a Commandant (now Commandeur) de la Légion d'honneur

Works:
Diana and Apollo Piercing Niobe’s Children with their Arrows (1772), Dallas Museum of Art
Antiochus and Stratonica (1774), École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts
Patroclus, study (1780), Musée Thomas-Henry
Hector's body (1778)
Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his wife (1788), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Paris and Helen (1788), Musée du Louvre, Paris (detail)
Portrait of Anne-Marie-Louise Thélusson, Comtesse de Sorcy (1790), Neue Pinakothek, Munich
Portrait of Pierre Sériziat, (1795), Louvre Museum
Portrait of Madame de Verninac (1798–1799), born Henriette Delacroix, elder sister of Eugène Delacroix, Musée du Louvre, Paris
Madame Récamier (1800), Musée du Louvre, Paris
Suzanne Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau (1804), The J Paul Getty Museum
Portrait of Pope Pius VII (1805), Musée du Louvre, Paris
Marguerite-Charlotte David (1813), National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
Étienne-Maurice Gérard (1816), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Comtesse Vilain XIIII and Her Daughter (1816), National Gallery, London
Portrait of the Comte de Turenne (1816), Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen
Jupiter et Antiope (1768), an early work showing the influence of Greuze
Cupid and Psyche (1817), Cleveland Museum of Art
The Farewell of Telemachus and Eucharis (1818)
The Anger of Achilles (1825), Private Collection
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