The Serpentine Galleries are two contemporary art galleries in Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Central London. Comprising the Serpentine Gallery and the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, they are within five minutes' walk of each other, linked by the bridge over the Serpentine Lake from which the galleries get their names. Their exhibitions, architecture, education and public programmes attract up to 1.2 million visitors a year. Admission to both galleries is free.
he Serpentine Gallery was established in 1970 and is housed in a Grade II listed former tea pavilion built in 1933–34 by the architect James Grey West. Notable artists whose works have been exhibited there include Man Ray, Henry Moore, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Andy Warhol, Paula Rego, Bridget Riley, Allan McCollum, Anish Kapoor, Christian Boltanski, Philippe Parreno, Richard Prince, Wolfgang Tillmans, Gerhard Richter, Gustav Metzger, Damien Hirst, Jeff Koons and Marina Abramović. On the ground at the gallery's entrance is a permanent work made by Ian Hamilton Finlay in collaboration with Peter Coates, and dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales, the gallery's former patron.
Championing new ideas in contemporary art since it opened in 1970, the Serpentine has presented pioneering exhibitions of 2,263 artists over 45 years, showing a wide range of work from emerging practitioners to the most internationally recognised artists and architects of our time.
Today, the Serpentine is two exhibition spaces situated on either side of The Serpentine lake in London’s Kensington Gardens: the Serpentine Gallery and the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am-6pm, the Galleries offer free admission throughout the year.
In addition to a seasonal exhibitions programme of eight shows per year, the Serpentine presents its annual Serpentine Pavilion during the summer months, the first and most ambitious architecture programme of its kind in the world. These programmes are complemented by a series of outdoor sculpture projects, special artist commissions, digital commissions, public and educational programmes, and major outreach projects including the renowned Edgware Road Project.
The Serpentine offers innovative ways for all ages to engage with modern and contemporary art, architecture and design through its exhibitions, projects, education and public programmes.
The Serpentine is two exhibition spaces situated on either side of The Serpentine lake in London’s Kensington Gardens: the Serpentine Gallery and the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am-6pm, the Galleries offer free admission throughout the year.
The Bridge Commission is an audio series launched to coincide with the opening of the Serpentine Sackler Gallery. It explores the route between the two Galleries with a series of texts by internationally acclaimed writers. Each story is timed to last as long as it takes to walk from the Serpentine Gallery to the Serpentine Sackler Gallery.
In addition to a seasonal exhibitions programme of eight shows per year, the Serpentine presents its annual Serpentine Pavilion during the summer months, the first and most ambitious architecture programme of its kind in the world. These programmes are complemented by a series of outdoor sculpture projects, special artist commissions, digital commissions, public and educational programmes, and major outreach projects including the renowned Edgware Road Project.
The Serpentine's Pavilion commission, conceived in 2000 by Director Julia Peyton-Jones, has become an international site for architectural experimentation and has presented projects by some of the world's greatest architects. Each Pavilion is sited on the Serpentine Gallery's lawn for four months and the immediacy of the commission – taking a maximum of six months from invitation to completion – provides a unique model worldwide. The selection of the architects, chosen for consistently extending the boundaries of architecture practice, is led by the Serpentine’s core curatorial thinking, introducing contemporary artists and architects to a wider audience. The brief is to design a 300-square-metre Pavilion that is used as a café by day and a forum for learning, debate and entertainment at night.
In 2013 the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, with an extension designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, was opened to the public, giving new life to The Magazine, a Grade II* listed former gunpowder store built in 1805. Located five minutes' walk from the Serpentine Gallery across the Serpentine Bridge, it comprises 900 square metres of gallery space, restaurant, shop and social space. The Magazine Restaurant adjoins the gallery space.
2018年3月31日星期六
Seokdang Museum of Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
The Seokdang Museum of Dong-A University is the oldest and the most highly regarded university-led museum in Busan, Republic of Korea. Established in November 1959, it houses an estimated 30,000 valuable items, making it one of the greatest collections of Korean cultural properties in Busan. We were made possible with the passion and dedication of Dr. Jae Hwan Jeong, the founder of the university, collecting the cultural properties to prevent them from being sold or leaving the country during the Korean War (1950-1953). The museum illustrates Korean history, life, and arts, from archaeological relics of the ancient period excavated by the museum staffs, to Buddhist antiquities of the Goryeo dynasty, to paintings and calligraphy of the Joseon dynasty, to architectural remains of the early modern period. Since the museum was moved to the former Government Headquarters of the Temporary Capital in May 2009, it fully utilizes this advantage for active exhibitions and social activities for the public as its primary mission.
Dong-A University Seokdang Museum houses a collection of about 30,000 valuable academic artifacts, including 2 national treasures, 11 treasures, 20 Busan City tangible cultural assets and more.
Exhibits include relics from a broad period of time and in various categories—archeological materials, art, and folk resources.
Dong-A University is a private university in Busan, South Korea. It is the only private university and one of two universities that has both medical and law school in Greater Busan, the second-largest city in South Korea.
The undergraduate and graduate academic programmes in archaeology, offered through the departments of Archaeology and Art History and the Dong-A University Museum, are the most well known in Korea.
National Treasure
National Treasure in the Republic of Korea refers to as heritage of a rare and significant value in terms of human culture and with an equivalent value to tangible cultural heritage, such as historic architecture, ancient books and documents, paintings, sculpture, handicraft, archaeological materials and armory.
Treasure
Treasure in the Republic of Korea refers to tangible cultural heritage of important value, such as historic architecture, ancient books and documents, paintings, sculpture, handicraft, archaeological materials and armory. This is regarded as a bit lower level than National Treasure beforehand.
Landscapes
The painting of landscape refers to a style of Korean painting that involves or depicts scenery or natural landscapes, literally representing mountains and rivers in the Korean peninsula. Highly influenced by the style of Chinese painting, the art style can be divided into landscape with actual scene, landscape with artistic forms, and landscape with actual scene but drawn by a brush and ink. Landscape with actual scene refers to the paintings for practice probably from the late Goryeo period to the mid-Joseon period. Next, landscape with artistic forms illustrates a combination of artists’ subjective emotions and actual views. Lastly, during the late Joseon period, landscape with the actual view had transformed the black-and-white by using a brush and ink. In so doing, this gallery covers the three kinds of paintings above drawn by excellent Joseon painters, such as Seon Jeong, Myeong-guk Kim, Yoon-kyeom Ki, Gwan-sik Byeon, etc.
Archaeology Gallery
This gallery illustrates outstanding archaeological objects from the Paleolithic era to Unified Silla period (AD 936) at the Korean peninsula: pottery, jewelry, armors, tools and weapons etc. It is interesting to note that the collection is uniquely important for the museum history because so much of it comes from documented excavations undertaken by the museum staffs from 1970s to 2000s. In so doing, the large topological series of objects above provide a unique insight into how people have lived and died near the Nakdong River.
Buddhist Art Gallery
This gallery shows the works of Korean Buddhist art collection based on its doctrine and religious belief. Buddhism, a religion that originated in India during the 2nd century B.C.E, spread eastward across much of Asia during the next thousand years. Following its strong religious and cultural presence, the Buddhist works of art, such as stupa, statue, painting and reliquary, was largely produced, due to the fact that Korean has given a local and distinctive interpretation and sensibility to the representation of the Buddhas as well as to the other images and symbols to the Buddhist art.
Dong-A University Seokdang Museum houses a collection of about 30,000 valuable academic artifacts, including 2 national treasures, 11 treasures, 20 Busan City tangible cultural assets and more.
Exhibits include relics from a broad period of time and in various categories—archeological materials, art, and folk resources.
Dong-A University is a private university in Busan, South Korea. It is the only private university and one of two universities that has both medical and law school in Greater Busan, the second-largest city in South Korea.
The undergraduate and graduate academic programmes in archaeology, offered through the departments of Archaeology and Art History and the Dong-A University Museum, are the most well known in Korea.
National Treasure
National Treasure in the Republic of Korea refers to as heritage of a rare and significant value in terms of human culture and with an equivalent value to tangible cultural heritage, such as historic architecture, ancient books and documents, paintings, sculpture, handicraft, archaeological materials and armory.
Treasure
Treasure in the Republic of Korea refers to tangible cultural heritage of important value, such as historic architecture, ancient books and documents, paintings, sculpture, handicraft, archaeological materials and armory. This is regarded as a bit lower level than National Treasure beforehand.
Landscapes
The painting of landscape refers to a style of Korean painting that involves or depicts scenery or natural landscapes, literally representing mountains and rivers in the Korean peninsula. Highly influenced by the style of Chinese painting, the art style can be divided into landscape with actual scene, landscape with artistic forms, and landscape with actual scene but drawn by a brush and ink. Landscape with actual scene refers to the paintings for practice probably from the late Goryeo period to the mid-Joseon period. Next, landscape with artistic forms illustrates a combination of artists’ subjective emotions and actual views. Lastly, during the late Joseon period, landscape with the actual view had transformed the black-and-white by using a brush and ink. In so doing, this gallery covers the three kinds of paintings above drawn by excellent Joseon painters, such as Seon Jeong, Myeong-guk Kim, Yoon-kyeom Ki, Gwan-sik Byeon, etc.
Archaeology Gallery
This gallery illustrates outstanding archaeological objects from the Paleolithic era to Unified Silla period (AD 936) at the Korean peninsula: pottery, jewelry, armors, tools and weapons etc. It is interesting to note that the collection is uniquely important for the museum history because so much of it comes from documented excavations undertaken by the museum staffs from 1970s to 2000s. In so doing, the large topological series of objects above provide a unique insight into how people have lived and died near the Nakdong River.
Buddhist Art Gallery
This gallery shows the works of Korean Buddhist art collection based on its doctrine and religious belief. Buddhism, a religion that originated in India during the 2nd century B.C.E, spread eastward across much of Asia during the next thousand years. Following its strong religious and cultural presence, the Buddhist works of art, such as stupa, statue, painting and reliquary, was largely produced, due to the fact that Korean has given a local and distinctive interpretation and sensibility to the representation of the Buddhas as well as to the other images and symbols to the Buddhist art.
Seok Juseon Memorial Museum, Dankook University, South Korea
Seok Juseon Memorial Museum will continue to create high-quality exhibitions, educational programs and researches. Such endeavors will lead us to perform an important role as a multiple cultural place. All this, as well as Seok Juseon Memorial Museum pledges to progressively take a great leap to a world-class university museum that spreads the fabulous beauty of Korean culture all over the world.
Since its opening in 1967, the museum has owned numerous relics by archaeological investigation. we excavated Silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong (National Treasure No.198) in 1978 and Goguryeo stele in Chungju(National Treasure NO. 205) in 1979, which make a great attention in the academic community. Moreover, the museum has a leading position in Korean history studies, involved in much excavation in remains Sacheon Songji-ri(1967), Inwang-dong tomb Gyeongju (1973), Jinjeonsaji(temple site)(1974~79), Gyeonghuigungji(1985~87), Yangpyeong Byeongsan-ri(1991~93).
Archeological History Arts section, Room 1 and Room 2, displays Earthen Ware, Stone Ware, Tiles, Buddhist Crafts, in addition to Weights and Measures, Wooden Furniture, Stationery and the astonishing artworks of Korean artisans. At the lobby, the reproductions of Goguryeo stele in Chungju, Silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong via fund-raising of the supporters display; besides, visitors will be welcomed by two bronze statues of the founders of Dankook university, Beom Jeong Jang Hyeong and Hyedang Cho Huijae.
Since our opening in 1967, the Seok Ju-Seon Memorial Museum of Dankook University has served its mission by excavating, collecting, preserving and exhibiting great numbers of historical collections. Thanks to the Late Dr. Nan-Sa Seok Ju-Seon’s major donation of 3365 pieces of traditional Korean costumes, the museum established its major foundation in 1981. The museum’s principal role is to work as a multi-functional cultural institution through exhibitions, education, and research. We will continue our dedication not only as a University Museum but an institution with an international role so we can place our collections of Korean culture and beauty.
Since our opening of the Central Museum in celebration of the 20th anniversary of Dankook University in 1967, Seok Juseon Memorial Museum has made efforts to excavate and disseminate the Korean history and culture. Conducting annual research from its foundation, the museum have investigated a numbers of cultural properties. It includes silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong(National Treasure No.198) and Goguryeo stele in Chungju(National Treasure No.205), which were respectively excavated in 1978 and 1979. In addition, we were involved in much excavation in GuPyeongni, Mongchontoseong, Yangyang Jinjeonsaji. Those works made huge contributions to Korean history studies.
In 1981, the major donation by the Late Dr. Nan-Sa Seok Ju-seon of 3,365 pieces of her lifelong collections prompted the establishment of Seok Juseon Memorial Folk Museum. The folk museum built such outstanding prestige in Korean traditional costume studies by organizing the donated works as well as researching materials about children’s and excavated costumes.
In March 1999, the Central Museum and Seok Juseon Memorial Folk Museum were combined to a new organization, Seok Juseon Memorial Museum. This new museum expansively covered ancient art and traditional costume, which consolidated its position as a comprehensive museum. Now, we have more than 40,000 objects including 100 pieces(from 11 main excavations) designated Important Folklore Material such as An chung-gun’s Calligraphy(Treasure 569-21), Dang-ui(Ceremonial Jacket) of Princess Deok-on(Important Folklore Material No.1)
Seok Juseon Memorial Museum has the five exhibition rooms for proper presentation and the state-of-the-art storage rooms with the automatic thermohygrostat and extinguishing systems for safe preservation of the artworks. It is highly recognized as the best facilities for a University Museum. Recently, the museum strives for social education and cultural diffusion, providing our collection database, children’s fashion shows and educational programs for communication with local societies. Besides we focus on promoting the excellence of Korean culture to other countries, linked to Google Korea.
Since its opening in 1967, the museum has owned numerous relics by archaeological investigation. we excavated Silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong (National Treasure No.198) in 1978 and Goguryeo stele in Chungju(National Treasure NO. 205) in 1979, which make a great attention in the academic community. Moreover, the museum has a leading position in Korean history studies, involved in much excavation in remains Sacheon Songji-ri(1967), Inwang-dong tomb Gyeongju (1973), Jinjeonsaji(temple site)(1974~79), Gyeonghuigungji(1985~87), Yangpyeong Byeongsan-ri(1991~93).
Archeological History Arts section, Room 1 and Room 2, displays Earthen Ware, Stone Ware, Tiles, Buddhist Crafts, in addition to Weights and Measures, Wooden Furniture, Stationery and the astonishing artworks of Korean artisans. At the lobby, the reproductions of Goguryeo stele in Chungju, Silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong via fund-raising of the supporters display; besides, visitors will be welcomed by two bronze statues of the founders of Dankook university, Beom Jeong Jang Hyeong and Hyedang Cho Huijae.
Since our opening in 1967, the Seok Ju-Seon Memorial Museum of Dankook University has served its mission by excavating, collecting, preserving and exhibiting great numbers of historical collections. Thanks to the Late Dr. Nan-Sa Seok Ju-Seon’s major donation of 3365 pieces of traditional Korean costumes, the museum established its major foundation in 1981. The museum’s principal role is to work as a multi-functional cultural institution through exhibitions, education, and research. We will continue our dedication not only as a University Museum but an institution with an international role so we can place our collections of Korean culture and beauty.
Since our opening of the Central Museum in celebration of the 20th anniversary of Dankook University in 1967, Seok Juseon Memorial Museum has made efforts to excavate and disseminate the Korean history and culture. Conducting annual research from its foundation, the museum have investigated a numbers of cultural properties. It includes silla stele in Danyang Jeokseong(National Treasure No.198) and Goguryeo stele in Chungju(National Treasure No.205), which were respectively excavated in 1978 and 1979. In addition, we were involved in much excavation in GuPyeongni, Mongchontoseong, Yangyang Jinjeonsaji. Those works made huge contributions to Korean history studies.
In 1981, the major donation by the Late Dr. Nan-Sa Seok Ju-seon of 3,365 pieces of her lifelong collections prompted the establishment of Seok Juseon Memorial Folk Museum. The folk museum built such outstanding prestige in Korean traditional costume studies by organizing the donated works as well as researching materials about children’s and excavated costumes.
In March 1999, the Central Museum and Seok Juseon Memorial Folk Museum were combined to a new organization, Seok Juseon Memorial Museum. This new museum expansively covered ancient art and traditional costume, which consolidated its position as a comprehensive museum. Now, we have more than 40,000 objects including 100 pieces(from 11 main excavations) designated Important Folklore Material such as An chung-gun’s Calligraphy(Treasure 569-21), Dang-ui(Ceremonial Jacket) of Princess Deok-on(Important Folklore Material No.1)
Seok Juseon Memorial Museum has the five exhibition rooms for proper presentation and the state-of-the-art storage rooms with the automatic thermohygrostat and extinguishing systems for safe preservation of the artworks. It is highly recognized as the best facilities for a University Museum. Recently, the museum strives for social education and cultural diffusion, providing our collection database, children’s fashion shows and educational programs for communication with local societies. Besides we focus on promoting the excellence of Korean culture to other countries, linked to Google Korea.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History, Seoul, South Korea
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is a first public museum of natural history in South Korea, located in a metropolitan area, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul. It is founded in 2003 and operated by Seodaemun-gu Administration. The purpose of the foundation is to preserve, to study and to exhibit geological and biological records about the local environment.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is the first museum in Korea to be established not by a school or an individual, but by local government.
The role of Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is to preserve and research geological and biological facts from the local environment and share information with the public. The museum also has a mission to show that humans are a part of nature, and we can live in harmony with nature. Unlike other developed countries, Korea did not have a natural history museum operated by a public agency.Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is recognized as the first museum in Korea to be established by a public institution.
It has the following characteristics :
Exhibitions are arranged in sequential order of time and space following the historical flow so that natural history will be easily understood and memorable.
Exhibits are designed to be fun and interesting and include a stereoscopic diorama exhibition.
The museum produces educational videos and develops programs designed to enhance the museum experience.
This is a venue for living education.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History, located in the heart of Seoul, is a place of learning for students, a place of culture for residents, and a place of leisure for families. We aim to provide an opportunity for city dwellers to experience animals and plants, and to help people learn to appreciate and love nature.
Rapid industrialization in Korea has destroyed and polluted the nature and environment, leading to the extinction of many living creatures. There has been an urgent need for an establishment that would collect, preserve and exhibit our natural property. Thus, the Seodaemun District Office decided to establish a comprehensive natural history museum as a part of its local development strategy to develop Seodaemun as a center o education and culture as well as to satisfy the citizen's cultural needs. After 6 years of planning and construction, the museum opened on July 10th, 2003.
Compared with this, the age of our humanity, Homo sapiens, two hundred thousand years old, is only a fleeting moment.
However, our humanity is the only living creature studies history of the Earth, the universe and the life and exhibits them.Lee Kang-hwan
We, humanity, are precious for the life, the Earth and the universe.
Natural History is literally a study of history of nature and the most important part of the natural history is the history of life. Expressed in other words, the history of life is the history of the 'extinction'. The word ‘extinction’ may sound terrifying and sad, but in fact, older creatures steeping aside so that new life can emerge is a natural phenomena, which gave rise to our humanity.
All life becomes extinct. Trilobites that ruled the Paleozoic oceans for 300 million years became extinct and dinosaurs that dominated the Mesozoic land for 160 million years naturally became extinct. We have to learn about this extinction from natural history; why the creatures that led glorious lives went extinct.
Until now, there were five large extinctions that took place. The crucial reason for extinction were change of climate and environment. Now, the sixth extinction is in progress. Global warming is something to worry about, but it is hardly the cause of extinction. The current era where the sixth extinction is taking place is called ‘Anthropocene’. It is not the climate or the environment but it is the humanity that is the cause for the extinction.
For sustainable existence of humanity, the most valuable thing on earth, we must put our wisdom together to live in harmony with other creatures that make up our ecosystem. Museum of natural history is the venue for learning and contemplating such wisdom.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is the oldest and the most comprehensive public natural history museums in the country. It is also considered to have the best exhibitions and education programs in Asia. Please join us and let’s put our wisdom together in contemplating about the future of nature and humanity at Seodaemun Museum of Natural History.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is the first museum in Korea to be established not by a school or an individual, but by local government.
The role of Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is to preserve and research geological and biological facts from the local environment and share information with the public. The museum also has a mission to show that humans are a part of nature, and we can live in harmony with nature. Unlike other developed countries, Korea did not have a natural history museum operated by a public agency.Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is recognized as the first museum in Korea to be established by a public institution.
It has the following characteristics :
Exhibitions are arranged in sequential order of time and space following the historical flow so that natural history will be easily understood and memorable.
Exhibits are designed to be fun and interesting and include a stereoscopic diorama exhibition.
The museum produces educational videos and develops programs designed to enhance the museum experience.
This is a venue for living education.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History, located in the heart of Seoul, is a place of learning for students, a place of culture for residents, and a place of leisure for families. We aim to provide an opportunity for city dwellers to experience animals and plants, and to help people learn to appreciate and love nature.
Rapid industrialization in Korea has destroyed and polluted the nature and environment, leading to the extinction of many living creatures. There has been an urgent need for an establishment that would collect, preserve and exhibit our natural property. Thus, the Seodaemun District Office decided to establish a comprehensive natural history museum as a part of its local development strategy to develop Seodaemun as a center o education and culture as well as to satisfy the citizen's cultural needs. After 6 years of planning and construction, the museum opened on July 10th, 2003.
Compared with this, the age of our humanity, Homo sapiens, two hundred thousand years old, is only a fleeting moment.
However, our humanity is the only living creature studies history of the Earth, the universe and the life and exhibits them.Lee Kang-hwan
We, humanity, are precious for the life, the Earth and the universe.
Natural History is literally a study of history of nature and the most important part of the natural history is the history of life. Expressed in other words, the history of life is the history of the 'extinction'. The word ‘extinction’ may sound terrifying and sad, but in fact, older creatures steeping aside so that new life can emerge is a natural phenomena, which gave rise to our humanity.
All life becomes extinct. Trilobites that ruled the Paleozoic oceans for 300 million years became extinct and dinosaurs that dominated the Mesozoic land for 160 million years naturally became extinct. We have to learn about this extinction from natural history; why the creatures that led glorious lives went extinct.
Until now, there were five large extinctions that took place. The crucial reason for extinction were change of climate and environment. Now, the sixth extinction is in progress. Global warming is something to worry about, but it is hardly the cause of extinction. The current era where the sixth extinction is taking place is called ‘Anthropocene’. It is not the climate or the environment but it is the humanity that is the cause for the extinction.
For sustainable existence of humanity, the most valuable thing on earth, we must put our wisdom together to live in harmony with other creatures that make up our ecosystem. Museum of natural history is the venue for learning and contemplating such wisdom.
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History is the oldest and the most comprehensive public natural history museums in the country. It is also considered to have the best exhibitions and education programs in Asia. Please join us and let’s put our wisdom together in contemplating about the future of nature and humanity at Seodaemun Museum of Natural History.
Senckenberg Nature Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
The Senckenberg Nature Museum in Frankfurt is one of the largest natural history museums in Germany and shows the variety of life today and the evolution of creatures and transformation of our earth over millions of years. Exhibitions and museums are the showcase of natural science, through which Senckenberg shares the latest scientific findings with people and provides an insight into bygone eras. In an area covering 6,000 square metres, visitors can expect to see several thousand exhibits, some of them unique worldwide. In addition to the amazing diversity of flora and fauna today, visitors can discover the vastness of space and travel through times long ago – from the Big Bang to the formation of our planet. Every exhibit has its own little story to tell and gives an impression of the time and environment from which it comes. Dinosaurs, enormous whales and elephants, countless beetles, fish and colourful birds – with its rare and often spectacular exhibits, Senckenberg conveys to the public research and research results from every field of biology, palaeontology and geology.
Highlights of the permanent exhibitions are, for example, the original skeleton of a Diplodocus (a gift from Morris Ketchum Jesup, a former president of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for the inauguration of the new museum building in 1907) or the fossilised mummy of an Edmontosaurus from Wyoming with preserved skin casts.
The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt Am Main is the second largest museum of natural history in Germany. It is particularly popular with children, who enjoy the extensive collection of dinosaur fossils: Senckenberg boasts the largest exhibition of large dinosaurs in Europe. One particular treasure is a dinosaur fossil with unique, preserved scaled skin. The museum contains the world's largest and most diverse collection of stuffed birds with about 2000 specimens. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum.
The building housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914. The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society, which began with an endowment by Johann Christian Senckenberg.
Today, visitors are greeted outside the building by large, life-size recreations of dinosaurs, which are based on the latest scientific theories on dinosaur appearance. Inside, one can follow the tracks of a Titanosaurus, which have been impressed into the floor, towards its impressive skeleton on a sheltered patio.
Attractions include a Diplodocus (donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration in 1907), the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus, a fossilized Psittacosaurus with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents, and an Oviraptor. Big public attractions also include the Tyrannosaurus rex, an original of an Iguanodon, and the museum's mascot, the Triceratops.
Although the dinosaurs attract the most visitors due to their size, the Senckenberg Museum also has a large collection of animal exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history. For example, the museum houses a large number of originals from the Messel pit: field mice, reptiles, fish and a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm tall.
Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy, an almost complete skeleton of the upright hominid Australopithecus afarensis. Historical cabinets full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.
Since the remodeling finished in 2003, the new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation. An accessible rain forest tree offers views of different zones of the rain forest from the ground to the tree canopy and the habitats to which the exotic reptiles have adapted.
The Senckenberg Museum offers regular evening lectures and tours.
Highlights of the permanent exhibitions are, for example, the original skeleton of a Diplodocus (a gift from Morris Ketchum Jesup, a former president of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for the inauguration of the new museum building in 1907) or the fossilised mummy of an Edmontosaurus from Wyoming with preserved skin casts.
The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt Am Main is the second largest museum of natural history in Germany. It is particularly popular with children, who enjoy the extensive collection of dinosaur fossils: Senckenberg boasts the largest exhibition of large dinosaurs in Europe. One particular treasure is a dinosaur fossil with unique, preserved scaled skin. The museum contains the world's largest and most diverse collection of stuffed birds with about 2000 specimens. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum.
The building housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914. The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society, which began with an endowment by Johann Christian Senckenberg.
Today, visitors are greeted outside the building by large, life-size recreations of dinosaurs, which are based on the latest scientific theories on dinosaur appearance. Inside, one can follow the tracks of a Titanosaurus, which have been impressed into the floor, towards its impressive skeleton on a sheltered patio.
Attractions include a Diplodocus (donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration in 1907), the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus, a fossilized Psittacosaurus with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents, and an Oviraptor. Big public attractions also include the Tyrannosaurus rex, an original of an Iguanodon, and the museum's mascot, the Triceratops.
Although the dinosaurs attract the most visitors due to their size, the Senckenberg Museum also has a large collection of animal exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history. For example, the museum houses a large number of originals from the Messel pit: field mice, reptiles, fish and a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm tall.
Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy, an almost complete skeleton of the upright hominid Australopithecus afarensis. Historical cabinets full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.
Since the remodeling finished in 2003, the new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation. An accessible rain forest tree offers views of different zones of the rain forest from the ground to the tree canopy and the habitats to which the exotic reptiles have adapted.
The Senckenberg Museum offers regular evening lectures and tours.
Sanskriti Museums, New Delhi, India
Sanskriti Museums are a set of three museums namely, Museum of ‘Everyday Art’, Museum of Indian Terracotta (tribal art) and Textile Museum It is housed within Sanskriti Kendra complex, at Anandagram, an artist village complex, spread over eight acres, situated 10 km south of New Delhi, near Aya Nagar on Mehrauli–Gurgaon Road, on the outskirts of Delhi The nearest Delhi Metro station is Arjan Garh, on the Yellow Line
Sanskriti Pratishthan, a registered Public Charitable Trust, was founded in 1978 The activities are guided by a Board of Trustees Sanskriti literally means ‘process of cultivating’ The Pratishthan has been continuously working towards creating an environment for the preservation and development of artistic and cultural resources in India Since Sanskriti sees culture as an intrinsic part of everyday life, the Pratishthan views its role as that of a catalyst in revitalizing the artistic and aesthetic sensitivities of the Indian people As such Sanskriti Pratishthan is dedicated to development of key elements of India’s cultural heritage that are disappearing day by day and presenting them to diverse local and international audiences To attain these goals, the Pratishthan has established an international artist residency programme, set up workshops for training in ceramics, enamelling and block-printing Moreover, the Pratishthan has created on its campus the below mentioned three museums:
•The Museum of Everyday Art
•The Museum of Indian Terracotta Art
•The Museum of Indian Textile Traditions
All three museums have one common objective namely collecting, preserving and documenting those objects of Indian arts and crafts which have been a part of everyday life and which were marked by a unique feature of cultural rootedness and an appropriate form and design The collections of these museums constitute the raw material for reconstructing the history of Indian design in Indian life Here tradition and contemporaneity are not seen as two separate categories, but as a continuum, one mutating into the other
Sanskriti Pratishthan or Sanskriti Foundation is a non-profit culture and arts promotion organisation in Delhi set up in 1979, with O P Jain, L M Singhvi, Dr A M Singhvi and Sudarshan Agarwal as trustees In the early years, it was largely privately funded by its members, later on it was received government funding, and from organisations like Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), and the Ford Foundation, and recently from the corporate sector The construction of present Kendra premises began in 1989 Today the foundation also runs artist-in-residence programs here, and workshop for scholars, artists and craftsmen, plus it has residential studios, a library, an amphitheatre and an art gallery
As its first project, the foundation instituted the 'Sanskriti Awards' in 1979, given to promising young talent in the group of 20–35 years, in five major fields, Literature, the Arts, Music, Dance, Theatre, Journalism and Social/Cultural Achievement Next the Museum of Everyday Art established in 1984 contains items of everyday use The foundation also runs 'Sanskriti Yatra' workshops on cultural awareness for school children Its three- month resideny programs is run residency programme in collaboration with UNESCO, Asia Link and the Fulbright Fellowships Program Museumologist Jyotindra Jain is trustee and Director of the Foundation
'Museum of Indian Terracotta':
This Museum has over 1,500 objects of terracotta art, sculptures and figurines from the tribal areas of India, displayed in the backdrop of the respective tribal arts
Museum of ‘Everyday Art’:
It houses a collection of what is called "Everyday Arts", where artisans turn the functional everyday household object like toys, nutcrackers, cups, saucers, spoons, and home shrines, articles of worship, into the works of art
Textile Museum:
A showcase of the best of, and the most diverse of Indian textile heritage
Museums are open from 10 AM to 5 PM on all days except Mondays and Public Holidays
Sanskriti Pratishthan, a registered Public Charitable Trust, was founded in 1978 The activities are guided by a Board of Trustees Sanskriti literally means ‘process of cultivating’ The Pratishthan has been continuously working towards creating an environment for the preservation and development of artistic and cultural resources in India Since Sanskriti sees culture as an intrinsic part of everyday life, the Pratishthan views its role as that of a catalyst in revitalizing the artistic and aesthetic sensitivities of the Indian people As such Sanskriti Pratishthan is dedicated to development of key elements of India’s cultural heritage that are disappearing day by day and presenting them to diverse local and international audiences To attain these goals, the Pratishthan has established an international artist residency programme, set up workshops for training in ceramics, enamelling and block-printing Moreover, the Pratishthan has created on its campus the below mentioned three museums:
•The Museum of Everyday Art
•The Museum of Indian Terracotta Art
•The Museum of Indian Textile Traditions
All three museums have one common objective namely collecting, preserving and documenting those objects of Indian arts and crafts which have been a part of everyday life and which were marked by a unique feature of cultural rootedness and an appropriate form and design The collections of these museums constitute the raw material for reconstructing the history of Indian design in Indian life Here tradition and contemporaneity are not seen as two separate categories, but as a continuum, one mutating into the other
Sanskriti Pratishthan or Sanskriti Foundation is a non-profit culture and arts promotion organisation in Delhi set up in 1979, with O P Jain, L M Singhvi, Dr A M Singhvi and Sudarshan Agarwal as trustees In the early years, it was largely privately funded by its members, later on it was received government funding, and from organisations like Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), and the Ford Foundation, and recently from the corporate sector The construction of present Kendra premises began in 1989 Today the foundation also runs artist-in-residence programs here, and workshop for scholars, artists and craftsmen, plus it has residential studios, a library, an amphitheatre and an art gallery
As its first project, the foundation instituted the 'Sanskriti Awards' in 1979, given to promising young talent in the group of 20–35 years, in five major fields, Literature, the Arts, Music, Dance, Theatre, Journalism and Social/Cultural Achievement Next the Museum of Everyday Art established in 1984 contains items of everyday use The foundation also runs 'Sanskriti Yatra' workshops on cultural awareness for school children Its three- month resideny programs is run residency programme in collaboration with UNESCO, Asia Link and the Fulbright Fellowships Program Museumologist Jyotindra Jain is trustee and Director of the Foundation
'Museum of Indian Terracotta':
This Museum has over 1,500 objects of terracotta art, sculptures and figurines from the tribal areas of India, displayed in the backdrop of the respective tribal arts
Museum of ‘Everyday Art’:
It houses a collection of what is called "Everyday Arts", where artisans turn the functional everyday household object like toys, nutcrackers, cups, saucers, spoons, and home shrines, articles of worship, into the works of art
Textile Museum:
A showcase of the best of, and the most diverse of Indian textile heritage
Museums are open from 10 AM to 5 PM on all days except Mondays and Public Holidays
Pink color in culture
Pink is a pale red color that is named after a flower of the same name. It was first used as a color name in the late 17th century. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most often associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, childhood, femininity and the romantic. It is associated with chastity and innocence when combined with white, but associated with eroticism and seduction when combined with purple or black.
Pink in symbolism and world culture
Common associations and popularity
According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, softness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic. Although it did not have any strong negative associations in these surveys, few respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink was the favorite color of only two-percent of respondents, compared with forty-five-percent who chose blue. Pink was the least-favorite color of seventeen percent of respondents; the only color more disliked was brown, with twenty percent. There was a notable difference between men and women; three percent of women chose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to even identify pink correctly, confusing it with mauve. Pink was also more popular with older people than younger; twenty-five percent of women under twenty-five called pink their least favorite color, compared with only eight percent of women over fifty. Twenty-nine percent of men under the age of twenty-five said pink was their least favorite color, compared with eight percent of men over fifty.
In Japan, pink is the color most commonly associated with springtime due to the blooming cherry blossoms. This is different from surveys in the United States and Europe where green is the color most associated with springtime.
Pink in other languages
In many languages, the word for color pink is based on the name of the rose flower; like rose in French; roze in Dutch; rosa in German, Latin, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Swedish and Norwegian (Nynorsk and Bokmål); rozoviy in Russian; różowy in Polish; and گلابی gulabi in Urdu (and in English 'rose', too, often refers to both the flower and the color).
In Danish, Faroese and Finnish, the color pink is described as a lighter shade of red: lyserød in Danish, ljósareyður in Faroese and vaaleanpunainen in Finnish, all meaning "light red". In Icelandic, the color is called bleikur, originally meaning "pale".
In the Japanese language, the traditional word for pink, momo-iro (ももいろ), takes its name from the peach blossom. There is a separate word for the color of the cherry blossom: sakura-iro. In recent times a word based on the English version, pinku (ピンク), has begun to be used.
In Chinese, the color pink is named with a compound noun 粉紅色, meaning "powder red" where the powder refers to substances used for women's make-up.
Idioms and expressions
In the pink. To be in top form, in good health, in good condition. In Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio says; "I am the very pink of courtesy." Romeo: Pink for flower? Mercutio: Right. Romeo: Then my pump is well flowered."
To see pink elephants means to hallucinate from alcoholism. The expression was used by American novelist Jack London in his book John Barleycorn in 1913.
Pink slip. To be given a pink slip means to be fired or dismissed from a job. It was first recorded in 1915 in the United States.
The phrase "pink-collar worker" refers to persons working in jobs conventionally regarded as "women's work."
Pink money, the pink pound or pink dollar is an economic term which refers to the spending power of the LGBT community. Advertising agencies sometimes call the gay market the pink economy.
Tickled pink means extremely pleased.
Architecture
Early pink buildings were usually built of brick or sandstone, which takes its pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - pink mansions and churches were built all across Europe. More modern pink buildings usually use the color pink to appear exotic or to attract attention.
Food and beverages
According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses. Many strawberry and raspberry-flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them from cherry-flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red (although raspberry-flavored foods, particularly in the United States, are often colored blue as well). The drink Tab was packaged in pink cans, presumably to subconsciously convey a sweet taste.
The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificial food coloring. The most common pink food coloring is erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, an organoiodine compound, a derivative of fluorone, which is a cherry-pink synthetic. It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) is Allura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring, Cochineal, also called carmine, made with crushed insects of the family Dactylopius coccus.
Gender
In Europe and the United States, pink is often associated with girls, while blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used as gender signifiers just prior to World War I (for either girls or boys), and pink was first established as a female gender signifier in the 1940s. In the 20th century, the practice in Europe varied from country to country, with some assigning colors based on the baby's complexion, and others assigning pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls.
Many have noted the contrary association of pink with boys in 20th-century America. An article in the trade publication Earnshaw's Infants' Department in June 1918 said:
The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.
One reason for the increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys was the invention of new chemical dyes, which meant that children's clothing could be mass-produced and washed in hot water without fading. Prior to this time, most small children of both sexes wore white, which could be frequently washed. Another factor was the popularity of blue and white sailor suits for young boys, a fashion that started in the late 19th century. Blue was also the usual color of school uniforms, for boys and girls. Blue was associated with seriousness and study, while pink was associated with childhood and softness.
By the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity but to an extent that was "neither rigid nor universal" as it later became.
One study by two neuroscientists in Current Biology examined color preferences across cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups favored blues over other hues, but women had more favorable responses to the reddish-purple range of the spectrum and men had more favorable responses to the greenish-yellow middle of the spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults, and both groups preferred blues, and responses to the color pink were never even tested, the popular press represented the research as an indication of an innate preference by girls for pink. The misreading has been often repeated in market research, reinforcing American culture's association of pink with girls on the basis of imagined innate characteristics.
Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves. In its 1957 catalog, Lionel Trains offered for sale a pink model freight train for girls. The steam locomotive and coal car were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were various pastel colors. The caboose was baby blue. It was a marketing failure because any girl who might want a model train would want a realistically colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector's item.
As of 2008 various feminist groups and the Breast Cancer Awareness Month use the color pink to convey empowerment of women. Breast cancer charities around the world have used the color to symbolize support for people with breast cancer and promote awareness of the disease. A key tactic of these charities is encouraging women and men to wear pink to show their support for breast cancer awareness and research.
Pink has symbolized a "welcome embrace" in India and masculinity in Japan.
Sexuality
As noted above, pink combined with black or violet is commonly associated with eroticism and seduction.
In street slang, the pink sometimes refers to the vagina.
In Russian, pink (розовый, rozovyj) is used to refer to lesbians, and light blue (голубой, goluboj) refers to gay men.
In Japan, a genre of low budget, erotic cinema is referred to as Pink films (ピンク映画 Pinku Eiga).
Politics
Pink, being a 'watered-down' red, is sometimes used in a derogatory way to describe a person with mild communist or socialist beliefs (see Pinko).
The term little pink (小粉红) is used to describe the young nationalists on the internet in China.
The term pink revolution is sometimes used to refer to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his government in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of February 27 and of March 13, 2005, although it is more commonly called the Tulip Revolution.
The Swedish feminist party Feminist Initiative uses pink as their color.
Code Pink is an American women's anti-globalization and anti-war group founded in 2002 by activist Medea Benjamin. The group has disrupted Congressional hearings and heckled President Obama at his public speeches.
It was a common practice to color British Empire pink on maps.
Social movements
Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is called nl.roze (roze being the Dutch word for pink), while in Britain, Pink News is a gay newspaper and online news service. There is a magazine called Pink for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community which has different editions for various metropolitan areas. In France Pink TV is an LGBT cable channel.
In Ireland, Support group for Irish Pink Adoptions defines a pink family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for the single gay men, single lesbians, or same-gender couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have adopted. It also covers adults born/raised in such families. The group welcome the input of other people touched by adoption, especially people who were adopted as children and are now adults.
Pinkstinks, a campaign founded in London in May 2008 to raise awareness of what they claim is the damage caused by gender stereotyping of children.
The Pink Pistols is a gay gun rights organization.
The pink ribbon is the international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity.
Academic dress
In the French academic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in the academic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Redcurrant, an extremely red shade of pink, is the distinctive color for Medicine (and other health-related fields) fr:Groseille (couleur).
Heraldry
The word pink is not used for any tincture (color) in heraldry, but there are two fairly uncommon tinctures which are both close to pink:
The heraldic color of rose is a modern innovation, mostly used in Canadian heraldry, depicting a reddish pink color like the shade usually called rose.
In French heraldry, the color carnation is sometimes used, corresponding to the skin color of a light skinned Caucasian human. This can also be seen as a pink shade but is usually depicted slightly more brownish beige than the rose tincture.
Calendars
In Thailand, pink is associated with Tuesday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear pink on Tuesdays, and anyone born on a Tuesday may adopt pink as their color.
The press
Pink is used for the newsprint paper of several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the color is also connected with the press aimed at the gay community.
Since 1893 the London Financial Times newspaper has used a distinctive salmon pink color for its newsprint, originally because pink dyed paper was less expensive than bleached white paper. Today the color is used to distinguish the newspaper from competitors on a press kiosk or news stand. In some countries, the salmon press identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers. Some sports newspapers, such as La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy, also use pink paper to stand out from other newspapers. It awards a pink jersey to the winner of Italy's most important bicycle race, the Giro d'Italia.
Law
In England and Wales, a brief delivered to a barrister by a solicitor is usually tied with pink ribbon. Pink was traditionally the color associated with the defense, while white ribbons may have been used for the prosecution.
Literature
In Spanish and Italian, a "pink novel" (novela rosa in Spanish, romanzo rosa in Italian) is a sentimental novel marketed to women.
In Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, Faith is wearing a pink ribbon in her hair which represents her innocence.
Carl Surely's short story "Dinsdale's Pink" is a coming of age tale of a young man growing up in Berlin in the 1930s, dealing with issues of gender, sexuality and politics.
Religion
In the Yogic Hindu, Shaktic Hindu and Tantric Buddhist traditions rose is one of the colors of the fourth primary energy center, the heart chakra Anahata. The other color is green.
In Catholicism, pink (called rose by the Catholic Church) symbolizes joy and happiness. It is used for the Third Sunday of Advent and the Fourth Sunday of Lent to mark the halfway point in these seasons of penance. For this reason, one of the candles in an Advent wreath may be pink, rather than purple.
Pink is the color most associated with Indian spiritual leader Meher Baba, who often wore pink coats to please his closest female follower, Mehera Irani, and today pink remains an important color, symbolizing love, to Baba's followers.
Sports
In Major League Baseball, pink bats are used by baseball players on Mother's Day as part of a week-long program to benefit Susan G. Komen for the Cure.
Pink can mean the scarlet coat worn in fox hunting (a.k.a. "riding to hounds"). One legend about the origin of this meaning refers to a tailor named Pink (or Pinke, or Pinque).
The leader in the Giro d'Italia cycle race wears a pink jersey (maglia rosa); this reflects the distinctive pink-colored newsprint of the sponsoring Italian La Gazzetta dello Sport newspaper.
The University of Iowa's Kinnick Stadium visitors' locker room is painted pink. The decor has sparked controversy, perceived by some people as suggesting sexism and homophobia.
Palermo, a soccer team based in Palermo, Italy, traditionally wears pink home jerseys.
WWE Hall of Famer Bret Hart, as well as other members of the Hart wrestling family, is known for his pink and black wrestling attire.
The Western Hockey League team Calgary Hitmen originally wore pink as a tribute to the aforementioned Bret Hart, who was a part team owner at the time.
The Penrith Panthers of the NRL, wear a pink away jersey.
Snooker uses a pink coloured object ball that is worth 6pts when legally potted.
Source From Wikipedia
Pink in symbolism and world culture
Common associations and popularity
According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, softness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic. Although it did not have any strong negative associations in these surveys, few respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink was the favorite color of only two-percent of respondents, compared with forty-five-percent who chose blue. Pink was the least-favorite color of seventeen percent of respondents; the only color more disliked was brown, with twenty percent. There was a notable difference between men and women; three percent of women chose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to even identify pink correctly, confusing it with mauve. Pink was also more popular with older people than younger; twenty-five percent of women under twenty-five called pink their least favorite color, compared with only eight percent of women over fifty. Twenty-nine percent of men under the age of twenty-five said pink was their least favorite color, compared with eight percent of men over fifty.
In Japan, pink is the color most commonly associated with springtime due to the blooming cherry blossoms. This is different from surveys in the United States and Europe where green is the color most associated with springtime.
Pink in other languages
In many languages, the word for color pink is based on the name of the rose flower; like rose in French; roze in Dutch; rosa in German, Latin, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Swedish and Norwegian (Nynorsk and Bokmål); rozoviy in Russian; różowy in Polish; and گلابی gulabi in Urdu (and in English 'rose', too, often refers to both the flower and the color).
In Danish, Faroese and Finnish, the color pink is described as a lighter shade of red: lyserød in Danish, ljósareyður in Faroese and vaaleanpunainen in Finnish, all meaning "light red". In Icelandic, the color is called bleikur, originally meaning "pale".
In the Japanese language, the traditional word for pink, momo-iro (ももいろ), takes its name from the peach blossom. There is a separate word for the color of the cherry blossom: sakura-iro. In recent times a word based on the English version, pinku (ピンク), has begun to be used.
In Chinese, the color pink is named with a compound noun 粉紅色, meaning "powder red" where the powder refers to substances used for women's make-up.
Idioms and expressions
In the pink. To be in top form, in good health, in good condition. In Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio says; "I am the very pink of courtesy." Romeo: Pink for flower? Mercutio: Right. Romeo: Then my pump is well flowered."
To see pink elephants means to hallucinate from alcoholism. The expression was used by American novelist Jack London in his book John Barleycorn in 1913.
Pink slip. To be given a pink slip means to be fired or dismissed from a job. It was first recorded in 1915 in the United States.
The phrase "pink-collar worker" refers to persons working in jobs conventionally regarded as "women's work."
Pink money, the pink pound or pink dollar is an economic term which refers to the spending power of the LGBT community. Advertising agencies sometimes call the gay market the pink economy.
Tickled pink means extremely pleased.
Architecture
Early pink buildings were usually built of brick or sandstone, which takes its pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - pink mansions and churches were built all across Europe. More modern pink buildings usually use the color pink to appear exotic or to attract attention.
Food and beverages
According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses. Many strawberry and raspberry-flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them from cherry-flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red (although raspberry-flavored foods, particularly in the United States, are often colored blue as well). The drink Tab was packaged in pink cans, presumably to subconsciously convey a sweet taste.
The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificial food coloring. The most common pink food coloring is erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, an organoiodine compound, a derivative of fluorone, which is a cherry-pink synthetic. It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) is Allura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring, Cochineal, also called carmine, made with crushed insects of the family Dactylopius coccus.
Gender
In Europe and the United States, pink is often associated with girls, while blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used as gender signifiers just prior to World War I (for either girls or boys), and pink was first established as a female gender signifier in the 1940s. In the 20th century, the practice in Europe varied from country to country, with some assigning colors based on the baby's complexion, and others assigning pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls.
Many have noted the contrary association of pink with boys in 20th-century America. An article in the trade publication Earnshaw's Infants' Department in June 1918 said:
The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.
One reason for the increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys was the invention of new chemical dyes, which meant that children's clothing could be mass-produced and washed in hot water without fading. Prior to this time, most small children of both sexes wore white, which could be frequently washed. Another factor was the popularity of blue and white sailor suits for young boys, a fashion that started in the late 19th century. Blue was also the usual color of school uniforms, for boys and girls. Blue was associated with seriousness and study, while pink was associated with childhood and softness.
By the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity but to an extent that was "neither rigid nor universal" as it later became.
One study by two neuroscientists in Current Biology examined color preferences across cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups favored blues over other hues, but women had more favorable responses to the reddish-purple range of the spectrum and men had more favorable responses to the greenish-yellow middle of the spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults, and both groups preferred blues, and responses to the color pink were never even tested, the popular press represented the research as an indication of an innate preference by girls for pink. The misreading has been often repeated in market research, reinforcing American culture's association of pink with girls on the basis of imagined innate characteristics.
Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves. In its 1957 catalog, Lionel Trains offered for sale a pink model freight train for girls. The steam locomotive and coal car were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were various pastel colors. The caboose was baby blue. It was a marketing failure because any girl who might want a model train would want a realistically colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector's item.
As of 2008 various feminist groups and the Breast Cancer Awareness Month use the color pink to convey empowerment of women. Breast cancer charities around the world have used the color to symbolize support for people with breast cancer and promote awareness of the disease. A key tactic of these charities is encouraging women and men to wear pink to show their support for breast cancer awareness and research.
Pink has symbolized a "welcome embrace" in India and masculinity in Japan.
Sexuality
As noted above, pink combined with black or violet is commonly associated with eroticism and seduction.
In street slang, the pink sometimes refers to the vagina.
In Russian, pink (розовый, rozovyj) is used to refer to lesbians, and light blue (голубой, goluboj) refers to gay men.
In Japan, a genre of low budget, erotic cinema is referred to as Pink films (ピンク映画 Pinku Eiga).
Politics
Pink, being a 'watered-down' red, is sometimes used in a derogatory way to describe a person with mild communist or socialist beliefs (see Pinko).
The term little pink (小粉红) is used to describe the young nationalists on the internet in China.
The term pink revolution is sometimes used to refer to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his government in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of February 27 and of March 13, 2005, although it is more commonly called the Tulip Revolution.
The Swedish feminist party Feminist Initiative uses pink as their color.
Code Pink is an American women's anti-globalization and anti-war group founded in 2002 by activist Medea Benjamin. The group has disrupted Congressional hearings and heckled President Obama at his public speeches.
It was a common practice to color British Empire pink on maps.
Social movements
Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is called nl.roze (roze being the Dutch word for pink), while in Britain, Pink News is a gay newspaper and online news service. There is a magazine called Pink for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community which has different editions for various metropolitan areas. In France Pink TV is an LGBT cable channel.
In Ireland, Support group for Irish Pink Adoptions defines a pink family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for the single gay men, single lesbians, or same-gender couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have adopted. It also covers adults born/raised in such families. The group welcome the input of other people touched by adoption, especially people who were adopted as children and are now adults.
Pinkstinks, a campaign founded in London in May 2008 to raise awareness of what they claim is the damage caused by gender stereotyping of children.
The Pink Pistols is a gay gun rights organization.
The pink ribbon is the international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity.
Academic dress
In the French academic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in the academic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Redcurrant, an extremely red shade of pink, is the distinctive color for Medicine (and other health-related fields) fr:Groseille (couleur).
Heraldry
The word pink is not used for any tincture (color) in heraldry, but there are two fairly uncommon tinctures which are both close to pink:
The heraldic color of rose is a modern innovation, mostly used in Canadian heraldry, depicting a reddish pink color like the shade usually called rose.
In French heraldry, the color carnation is sometimes used, corresponding to the skin color of a light skinned Caucasian human. This can also be seen as a pink shade but is usually depicted slightly more brownish beige than the rose tincture.
Calendars
In Thailand, pink is associated with Tuesday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear pink on Tuesdays, and anyone born on a Tuesday may adopt pink as their color.
The press
Pink is used for the newsprint paper of several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the color is also connected with the press aimed at the gay community.
Since 1893 the London Financial Times newspaper has used a distinctive salmon pink color for its newsprint, originally because pink dyed paper was less expensive than bleached white paper. Today the color is used to distinguish the newspaper from competitors on a press kiosk or news stand. In some countries, the salmon press identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers. Some sports newspapers, such as La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy, also use pink paper to stand out from other newspapers. It awards a pink jersey to the winner of Italy's most important bicycle race, the Giro d'Italia.
Law
In England and Wales, a brief delivered to a barrister by a solicitor is usually tied with pink ribbon. Pink was traditionally the color associated with the defense, while white ribbons may have been used for the prosecution.
Literature
In Spanish and Italian, a "pink novel" (novela rosa in Spanish, romanzo rosa in Italian) is a sentimental novel marketed to women.
In Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, Faith is wearing a pink ribbon in her hair which represents her innocence.
Carl Surely's short story "Dinsdale's Pink" is a coming of age tale of a young man growing up in Berlin in the 1930s, dealing with issues of gender, sexuality and politics.
Religion
In the Yogic Hindu, Shaktic Hindu and Tantric Buddhist traditions rose is one of the colors of the fourth primary energy center, the heart chakra Anahata. The other color is green.
In Catholicism, pink (called rose by the Catholic Church) symbolizes joy and happiness. It is used for the Third Sunday of Advent and the Fourth Sunday of Lent to mark the halfway point in these seasons of penance. For this reason, one of the candles in an Advent wreath may be pink, rather than purple.
Pink is the color most associated with Indian spiritual leader Meher Baba, who often wore pink coats to please his closest female follower, Mehera Irani, and today pink remains an important color, symbolizing love, to Baba's followers.
Sports
In Major League Baseball, pink bats are used by baseball players on Mother's Day as part of a week-long program to benefit Susan G. Komen for the Cure.
Pink can mean the scarlet coat worn in fox hunting (a.k.a. "riding to hounds"). One legend about the origin of this meaning refers to a tailor named Pink (or Pinke, or Pinque).
The leader in the Giro d'Italia cycle race wears a pink jersey (maglia rosa); this reflects the distinctive pink-colored newsprint of the sponsoring Italian La Gazzetta dello Sport newspaper.
The University of Iowa's Kinnick Stadium visitors' locker room is painted pink. The decor has sparked controversy, perceived by some people as suggesting sexism and homophobia.
Palermo, a soccer team based in Palermo, Italy, traditionally wears pink home jerseys.
WWE Hall of Famer Bret Hart, as well as other members of the Hart wrestling family, is known for his pink and black wrestling attire.
The Western Hockey League team Calgary Hitmen originally wore pink as a tribute to the aforementioned Bret Hart, who was a part team owner at the time.
The Penrith Panthers of the NRL, wear a pink away jersey.
Snooker uses a pink coloured object ball that is worth 6pts when legally potted.
Source From Wikipedia
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